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Forty Centuries of Ink
by David N。 Carvalho
OR
A CHRONOLOGICAL NARRATIVE CONCERNING
INK AND ITS BACKGROUNDS
INTRODUCING INCIDENTAL OBSERVATIONS AND
DEDUCTIONS； PARALLELS OF TIME AND COLOR
PHENOMENA； BIBLIOGRAPHY； CHEMISTRY；
POETICAL EFFUSIONS； CITATIONS；
ANECDOTES AND CURIOSA TOGETHER WITH
SOME EVIDENCE RESPECTING THE
EVANESCENT CHARACTER OF
MOST INKS OF TO…DAY AND
AN EPITOME OF CHEMICO…LEGAL INK。
BY
DAVID N。 CARVALHO
PREFACE。
The unfortunate conditions surrounding the almost
universal use of the oddly named commercial and with
few exceptions record inks； and the so…called modern
paper； is the motive for the writing of this book。
The numerous color products of coal tar； now so
largely employed in the preparation of ink； and the
worse material utilized in the manufacture of the hard…
finished writing papers； menace the future preservation
of public and other records。 Those who occupy
official position and who can help to ameliorate this
increasing evil； should begin to do so without delay。
Abroad England； Germany and France and at home
Massachusetts and Connecticut have sought to modify
these conditions by legislation and our National Treasury
Department only last year； in establishing a standard
for its ink； gives official recognition of these
truths。
There is no 〃History of Ink；〃 but of ink history
there is a wealth of material； although historians have
neglected to record information about the very substance
by which they sought to keep and transmit the
chronicles they most desired to preserve。 From the
beginning of the Christian era to the present day；
〃Ink〃 literature； exclusive of its etymology； chemical
formulas； and methods of manufacture； has been confined
to brief statements in the encyclopedias； which
but repeat each other。 A half dozen original articles；
covering only some particular branch together with a
few treatises more general in their ramifications of
the subject； can also be found。 Seventy lines about
〃writing ink〃 covering its history for nearly four
thousand years is all that is said in 〃The Origin and
Progress of Handwriting；〃 a revised book of hundreds
of pages of Sir Thomas Astle； London； 1876； and once
deemed the very highest authority。
The mass of ancient and comparatively modern documents
which we have inherited； chronicle nothing
about the material with which they were written。
The more valuable of them are disfigured by the
superscription of newer writings over the partially
erased earlier ones； thus rendering the work of
ascertaining their real character most difficult。
Nevertheless； patient research and advanced science have
enabled us to intelligently study and investigate； and
from the evidence thus gained； to state facts and
formulate opinions that may perhaps outlast criticism。
The bibliographical story of 〃Ink〃 is replete with
many interesting episodes； anecdotes and poetical effusions。
Its chemical history is a varied and phenomenal
one。 Before the nineteenth century the ink
industry was confined to the few。 Since then； it has
developed into one of magnificent proportions。 The
new departure； due to the discovery and development
of the 〃Aniline〃 family of fugitive colors； is noteworthy
as being a step backward which may take years to retrace。
The criminal abuse of ink is not infrequent by evil…
disposed persons who try by secret processes to reproduce
ink phenomena on ancient and modern documents。
While it is possible to make a new ink look
old； the methods that must be employed； will of themselves
reveal to the examiner the attempted fraud； if
he but knows how to investigate。
How to accomplish this as well as to give a chronological
history on the subject of inks generally； both
as to their genesis； the effect of time and the elements；
the determination of the constituents and the constitution
of inks； their value as to lasting qualities； their
removal and restoration； is the object of this work。
There is also included many court cases where the
matter of ink was in controversy； information respecting
ancient MSS。 and the implements and other accessories
of ink which have from time to time been
employed in the act of writing。
To make a comprehensive review of the past in its
relationship to ink has been my aim。 In the construction
of this work recourse has been had to the so…
called original sources of information。 In these； the
diversity of their incomplete statements about different
countries and epochs has offered many obstacles。
In presenting my own deductions and inferences； it is
with a desire to remove any impressions as to this
volume being a mere compilation。 〃Facts are the
data of all just reasoning； and the elements of all real
knowledge。 It follows that he is a wise man who possesses
the greatest store of facts on a given subject。
A book； therefore； which assembles facts from their
scattered sources； may be considered as a useful and
important auxiliary to those who seek them。〃 A prolonged
and continuous intercourse for over a quarter
of a century with ancient and modern MSS。； with
books and other literature； with laymen and chemists；
with students and manufacturers； together with the
information and knowledge derived from experiment
and study of results may enable the author to make
the subject fairly clear。 Effort has been made to avoid
technical words and phrases in that portion treating
of the Chemistry of Inks。
This work will no doubt be variously considered。
Criticism is expected； indeed it is gladly invited； for
thereby may follow controversy； discussion and perhaps
legislation； which will bring about results beneficial
to those who are to follow after us。
CONTENTS
I。 GENESIS OF INK
II。 ANTIQUITY OF INK
III。 CLASSICAL INK AND ITS EXODUS
IV。 CLASSICAL INK AND ITS EXODUS （Continued）
V。 REVIVAL OF INK
VI。 INK OF THE WEST
VII。 EARLY MEDIAEVAL INK
VIII。 MEDIAEVAL INK
IX。 END OF MEDIAEVAL INK
X。 RENAISSANCE INK
XI。 ANCIENT INK TREATISES
XII。 STUDY OF INK
XIII。 STUDY OF INK
XIV。 CLASSIFICATIONS OF INK
XV。 OFFICIAL AND LEGAL INK
XVI。 ENDURING INK
XVII。 INK PHENOMENA
XVIII。 INK CHEMISTRY
XIX。 FRAUDULENT INK BACKGROUNDS
XX。 FUGITIVE INK。
XXI。 ANCIENT AND MODERN INK RECEIPTS
XXII。 INK INDUSTRY。
XXIII。 CHEMICO…LEGAL INK
XXIV。 CHEMICO…LEGAL INK （Continued）
XXV。 INK UTENSILS OF ANTIQUITY
XXVI。 INK UTENSILS （Quill PEN v。 Steel Pen）
XXVII。 SUBSTITUTES FOR INK UTENSILS （〃Lead〃 and other Pencils）
XXVIII。 ANCIENT INK BACKGROUNDS （The Origin of Papyrus）
XXIX。 ANCIENT INK BACKGROUNDS （Parchment and Vellum）
XXX。 MODERN INK BACKGROUNDS （True Paper）
XXXI。 MODERN INK BACKGROUNDS （Wood Paper and Safety Paper）
XXXII。 CURIOSA （Ink and other Writing Materials）
FORTY CENTURIES OF INK
CHAPTER I。
GENESIS OF INK。
THE ORIGIN OF INKCOMPOSITION OF THE COLORED
INKS OF ANTIQUITYANCIENT NAMES FOR BLACK
INKSMETHODS OF THEIR MANUFACTURETHE INVENTION
OF 〃INDIAN〃 INKTHE ART OF DYEING
HISTORICALLY CONSIDEREDTHE SYMBOLIC ESTIMATION
OF COLORSTHE EMPLOYMENT OF TINCTURES
AS INKSCONSIDERATION OF THE ANTIQUITY
OF ARTIFICIAL INKS AND THE BLACK INKS OF INTERMEDIATE
TIMESORIGIN OF THE COLORED PIGMENTS
OF ANTIQUITY…CITATIONS FROM HERODOTUS；
PLINY AND ARBUTHNOTPRICES CURRENT； OF ANCIENT
INKS AND COLORSWHY THE NATURAL INKS
FORMERLY EMPLOYED ARE NOT STILL EXTANTTHE
KIND OF INK EMPLOYED BY THE PRIESTS IN THE
TIME OF MOSESILLUSTRATIVE HISTORY OF THE
EGYPTIANS IN ITS RELATIONSHIP TO WRITING
IMPLEMENTSTHE USE OF BOTH RED AND BLACK INK
IN JOSEPH'S TIMEITS OTHER HISTORY PRECEDING
THE DEPARTURE OF ISRAEL FROM EGYPTTHE
DISAPPEARANCE OF ALL BUT A FEW KINDS OF
INKINK TRADITIONS AND THEIR VALUESTORY
ABOUT THE ORACLES OF THE SIBYLSHOW THE ANCIENT
HISTORIANS SOUGHT TO BE MISLEADINGILLUSTRATIVE
ANECDOTE BY RICHARDSON：
THE origin of Ink belongs to an era following the
invention of writing。 When the development of that
art had advanced beyond the age of stone inscription
or clay tablet； some material for marking with the
reed and the brush was necessary。 It was not difficult
to obtain black or colored mixtures for this purpose。
With their advent； forty centuries or more ago； begins
the genesis of ink。
The colored inks of antiquity included the use of a
variety of dyes and pigmentary colors； typical of those
employed in the ancient art of dyeing； in which the
Egyptians excelled and still thought by many to be
one of the lost arts。 The Bible and alleged contemporary
and later literature make frequent mention of
black and many colors of brilliant hues。
In tracing the arts of handwriting and dyeing；
some definite facts are to be predicated as to the most
remote history of ink。
The Hebrew word for ink is deyo； so called from