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kernel of a cherry and of a dark red…brown color； but
when dead； shrivels up to the size of a grain of wheat
and is covered with a bluish mold。 It has an agreeable
aromatic smell which it imparts to that with which
it comes into contact。 It was first found in general
use in Europe in the tenth century。 About 1550；
cochineal； introduced there from Mexico； was found
to be far richer in coloring matter and therefore gradually
superseded the older dyestuff。
Indigo was used in India and Egypt long before the
Christian era； and it is asserted that blue ribbons
（strips） found on Egyptian mummies 4500 years old
had been dyed with indigo。 It was introduced into
Europe only in the sixteenth century。
The use of madder as a red dyestuff dates from very
early times。 Pliny mentions it as being employed by
the Hindoos； Persians and Egyptians。 In the middle
ages the names sandis； warantia； granza； garancia；
were applied to madder； the latter （garance） being
still retained in France。 The color yielding substance
resides almost entirely in the roots。
Chilzon was the name given by the ancient Hebrews
to a blue dye procured from a species of shell…fish。
Herodotus； B。 C。 443； asserts that on the shores of
the Caspian Sea lived a people who painted the forms
of animals on their garments with vegetable dyes：
〃They have trees whose leaves possess a peculiar
property； they reduce them to powder； and then
strip them in water； this forms a dye or coloring
matter with which they paint on their garments the
figures of animals。 The impression is such that it
cannot be washed out； it appears； indeed； to be
woven into the cloth； and wears as long as the garment
itself。〃
We are informed by another ancient writer that the
pagan nations were accustomed to array the images
of their gods in robes of purple。 When the prophet
Ezekiel took up a lamentation for Tyre； he spoke of
the 〃blue and purple from the isles of Elishah〃 in
which the people were clothed。 This reference is said
to doubtless refer to the islands of the Aegian Sea；
from whence many claim ； the Tyrians obtained the
shell…fish；the murex and papura； which produced the
dark…blue and bright…scarlet coloring materials； the
employment of which contributed so much to the fame
of ancient Tyre。
Pliny the younger confirms this statement：
〃The Tyrian…purple was the juice of the Purpurea；
a shell…fish； the veins of its neck and jaws
secreting this royal color； but so little was obtained
that it was very rare and cost one thousand
Denarii （about 150。00） per pound。〃
A more modern writer in discussing a crimson or
ruby color says：
〃By a mistaken sense the Latin word purpurus；
has been called purple； by all the English and
French writers。〃
Arbuthnot； London； 1727； in his book 〃Ancient
Coins； Weights and Measures；〃 as the result of his
examinations of the most ancient records estimates：
〃The Purple was very dear； there were two
sorts of Fishes whereof it was made； the Pelagii；
（which were those that were caught in the deep）
and the Buccini。 The Pelagium per Pound was
worth 50 Nummi； （8 s。 10 3/4 d。）； and the Buceinunt
double that； viz。 17 s。 8 3/4 d。 （Harduin
reads a hundred Pounds at that price。） The Tyrian
double Dye per Pound could scarce be bought
for L35 9 s。； 1 3/4 d。〃
The very ancient writers state that the most esteemed
of the Tyrian purples were those which compared
in color with 〃coagulated bullocks' blood。〃
This estimation seems to go back to the time of the
Phoenicians； who were excessively fond of the redder
shades of purple which they obtained also from several
varieties of shell…fish and comprehended under two
species； one （Buccinum） found in cliffs； and the other
（Pelagia） which was captured at sea。 The first was
found on the coasts of the Mediterranean and Atlantic。
The Atlantic shells afforded the darkest color； while
those of the Phoenician coast itself yielded scarlet
shades of wonderful intensity。
Respecting the cost and durability of the Tyrian
purple； it is related that Alexander the Great found in
the treasury of the Persian monarch 5；000 quintals of
Hermione purple of great beauty； and 180 years old；
and that it was worth 125 of our money per pound
weight。 The price of dyeing a pound of wool in the
time of Augustus is given by Pliny； and that price is
equal to about 160 of our money。 It is probable
that his remarks refer to some particular tint or quality
of color easily distinguished； although not at all clearly
defined by Pliny。 He also mentions a sort of purple；
or hyacinth； which was worth； in the time of Julius
Caesar； 100 denarii （about 15 of our money） per
pound。
The best authorities of the present day； however；
are of opinion that the celebrated Tyrian…purple was
extracted from a mollusk known as the Janthina prolongata；
a shell abundant in the Mediterranean and
very common near Narbonne； where the Tyrian purple
dye…works were in operation at least six hundred
years before Christ。
The price current of some of the inks and colors of
antiquity； as quoted by Arbuthnot； are cited herewith：
Armenian purple 30 hs。=4 s。 10 1/3 d。
India purple from one Denarius； or 7 3/4 d。 to 30
Denarii； 19 s。 4 1 2 d。
Pelagium； the juice of one sort fishes that dyed
purple； 50 hs。=8 s。 0 7/8 d。
Buccinum the juice of the other fish that dyed
purple； 100 hs。=16 s。 1 3/4 d。
Cinnabar 50 hs。=8 s。 0 7/8 d。
Tarentine red purple； price not mentioned。
Melinum； a sort of colour that came from Melos；
one Nummus；=1 15/16 d。
Paretonium； a sort of colour that came from aegypt；
very lasting； 6 Denarii；=3 s。 10 1/2 d。
Myrobalanus； 2 Denarii；=1 s。 3 1/2 d。
The last…named substance is the fruit of the Termi…
nalia； a product of China and the East Indies； best
known as Myrabolams and must have been utilized
solely for the tannin they contain； which Loewe
estimates to be identical with ellago…tannic acid； later
discovered in the divi…divi； a fruit grown in South
America； and bablah which is also a fruit of a species
of Acacia； well known also for its gum。
No monuments are extant of the ancient Myrabolam ink。
Antimony and galls were used by the Egyptian
ladies to tint their eyes and lashes and （who knows）
to write with。
Many of the dyes employed as ink were those occurring
naturally as animal and vegetable products； or
which could be produced therefrom by comparatively
simple means； otherwise we would not be confronted
with the fact that no specimens of ink writing of
natural origin remain to us。
The very few specimens of ink writing which have
outlasted decay and disintegration through so many
ages； are found to be closely allied to materials like
bitumen； lampblack obtained from the smoke of oil…
torches or resins； or gold； silver； cinnabar and
minium。
Josephus asserts that the books of the ancient Hebrews
were written in gold and silver。
〃Sicca dewat〃 （A silver ink standeth）； as the ancient
Arabic proverb runs。
Rosselini asserts：
〃the monumental hireoglyphics of the Egyptians
were almost invariably painted with the liveliest
tints； and when similar hireoglyphics were executed
on a reduced scale； and in a more cursive
form upon papyri or scrolls made from the leaves
of the papyrus the pages were written with both
black and colored inks。〃
The early mode of ink writing in biblical times
mentioned in Numbers v。 23； where It is said 〃the
priest shall write the curses in a book； and blot them
out with the bitter water；〃 was with a kind of ink
prepared for the purpose； without any salts of iron or
other material which could make a permanent dye；
these maledictions were then washed into the water；
which the woman was obliged to drink； so that she
drank the very words of the execration。 The ink
still used in the East is almost all of this kind； a wet
sponge will obliterate the finest of their writings。
In the book of Jeremiah； chap。 xxxvi。 verse 18； it
says： 〃Then Baruch answered； He pronounced all
these words unto me with his mouth； and I wrote
THEM with ink in the book；〃 and in Ezek。 ix。 2； 3； 11；
〃Ink horn〃 is referred to。
Six hundred years later in the New Testament is
another mention of ink 〃having many things to write
unto you。 I would not write with paper and Ink；〃
&c。； second epistle。 of John； 12； and again in his
third epistle； 13； 〃I had many things to write； but
I will not with pen and Ink write unto thee。〃
The illustrative history of the ancient Egyptians
does not point to a time before the reed was used as a
pen。 The various sculptures； carvings； pottery and
paintings； exhibit the scribes at work in their avocations；
recording details about the hands and ears of
slaughtered enemies； the numbers of captives； the
baskets of wheat； the n