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〃Bacteria in InkAccording to experiments
which have recently been completed at Berlin and
Leipzig by the leading bacteriologists of Germany
the ordinary inks literally teem with bacilla of a
dangerous character； the bacteria taken therefrom
sufficing to kill mice and rabbits inoculated therewith
in the space of from one to three days。〃
* * * * * * * *
〃The most easy and neat method of forming
letters of gold on paper； and for ornaments of
writing is； by the gold ammoniac； as it was formerly
called： the method of managing which is as
follows：
〃Take gum ammoniacum； and powder it； and
then dissolve it in water previously impregnated
with a little gum arabic； and some juice of garlic。
The gum ammoniacum will not dissolve in water；
so as to form a transparent fluid； but produces a
milky appearance； from whence the mixture is
called in medicine the lac ammoniacum。 With the
lac ammoniacum thus prepared； draw with a pencil；
or write with a pen on paper； or vellum； the
intended figure or letters of the gilding。 Suffer the
paper to dry； and then； or any time afterwards；
breath on it till it be moistened； and immediately
lay leaves of gold； or parts of leaves cut in the
most advantageous manner to save the gold； over
the parts drawn or written upon with the lac
ammoniacum； and press them gently to the paper
with a ball of cotton or soft leather。 When the
paper becomes dry； which a short time or gentle
heat will soon effect； brush off； with a soft pencil；
or rub off by a fine linen rag； the redundant gold
which covered the parts between the lines of the
drawing or writing； and the finest hair strokes of
the pencil or pen； as well as the broader； will appear
perfectly gilt。〃
It is usual to see in old manuscripts； that are highly
ornamented； letters of gold which rise considerably
from the surface of the paper or parchment containing
them in the manner of embossed work； and of these
some are less shining； and others have a very high
polish。 The method of producing these letters is of
two kinds； the one by friction on a proper body with
a solid piece of gold： the other by leaf gold。 The
method of making these letters by means of solid gold
is as follows：
〃Take chrystal； and reduce it to powder。 Temper
it then with strong gum water； till it be of the
consistence of paste； and with this form the letters；
and； when they are dry； rub them with a
piece of gold of good colour； as in the manner of
polishing； and the letters will appear as if gilt with
burnisht gold。〃
（Kunckel； in his fifty curious experiments； has given
this receipt； but omitted to take the least notice of
the manner these letters are to be formed； though
the most difficult circumstance in the production of
them。）
CHAPTER XXII。
INK INDUSTRY。
IMPORTANCE OF HONEST INK MANUFACTUREABSENCE
OF INFORMATION AS TO NAMES OF MOST ANCIENT INK
MAKERS；WHERE TO LOOK FOR ANCIENT INKTHEIR
PHENOMENAL IDENTITYINK AND PAPER AS ASIATIC
INVENTIONS ENTER EUROPE IN THE TWELFTH CENTURY
BOTH IN GENERAL USE IN THE FOURTEENTH
CENTURYMONKS AND SCRIBES AS THEIR OWN INK
MANUFACTURERSMODERN INDUSTRY OF INK BEGINS
IN 1625ITS GROWTH AND PRESENT SITUATIONTHE
GENERAL IGNORANCE OF THE SUBJECTINK INDUSTRY
IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURYTHE FIRST PIONEERS
ABROAD AND THOSE AT HOMEOBSERVATIONS
RESPECTING INK PHENOMENA OF THE PAST EIGHTY
YEARSWHAT SOME INK MAKERS SAY ABOUT ITLITTLE
DEMAND FOR PURE INKSSOME SKETCHES OF THE
LEADING INK MANUFACTURERS OF THE WORLDESTIMATION
OF QUANTITY OF INK MADE IN THE UNITED
STATESTHE 〃LIFE〃 OF A MARK MADE WITH ORDINARY
WRITING FLUIDESTIMATION OF MOST INKS BY PROFESSORS
BAIRD AND MARKOEFORMULA OF THE OFFICIAL
INK OF THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTSVIEWS
OF SOME PROMINENT INK MANUFACTURERS ABOUT
SUCH INKSOME COMMERCIAL NAMES BESTOWED ON
DIFFERENT INKSTHE 200 OR MORE NAMES OF INK
MANUFACTURERS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY。
THE consideration of the effect of the use of ink
upon civilization from primitive times to the present；
as we have seen； offers a most suggestive field and
certifies to the importance of the manufacture of honest
inks as necessary to the future enlightenment of
society。 That it has not been fully understood or
even appreciated goes without saying； a proper generalization
becomes possible only in the light of corroborative
data and the experiences of the many。
History has not given us the names of ancient ink
makers； but we can believe there must have been
during a period of thousands of years a great many；
and that the kinds and varieties of inks were without
number。 Those inks which remain to us are to be
found only as written with on ancient MSS。； they
are of but few kinds； and in composition and appearance
preserve a phenomenal identity； though belonging
to countries and epochs widely separated。 This
identity leads to the further conclusion that ink making
must have been an industry at certain periods；
overlooked by careful compounders who distributed
their wares over a vast territory。
〃Gall〃 ink and 〃linen〃 paper as already stated are
Asiatic inventions。 Both of them seem to have entered
Europe by way of Arabia； 〃hand in hand〃 at the very
end of the eleventh or beginning of the twelfth centuries
and for the next two hundred years； notwithstanding
the fact that chemistry was almost an unknown science
and the secrets of the alchemists known only to the
few； this combination gradually came into general
vogue。
In the fourteenth century we find one or both of
them more or less substituted for 〃Indian〃 ink； parchment；
vellum and 〃cotton〃 paper。 It was； however；
the monks and scribes who manufactured for their
own and assistants' use 〃gall〃 ink； just as they had
been in the habit of preparing 〃Indian〃 ink when
required； which so far as known was not always a
commodity。
As an industry it can be said to have definitely
begun when the French government recognized the
necessity for one； A。 D。 1625； by giving a contract
for 〃a great quantity of 'gall ink' to Guyot；〃 who
for this reason seems to occupy the unique position
of the father of the modern ink industry。
Ink manufacture as a growing industry heretofore
and to a large extent at present； occupies a peculiarly
anomalous situation。 Other industries follow the law
of evolution which may perhaps bear criticism； but
the ink industry follows none； nor does it even pretend
to possess any。
Thousands are engaged in its pursuit； few of whom
understand either ink chemistry or ink phenomena。
The consumer knows still less； and with blind confidence
placidly accepts nondescript compounds labeled
〃Ink；〃 whether purchased at depots or from 〃combined〃
itinerant manufacturing peddlers and with
them write or sign documents which some day may
disturb millions of property。 And yet in a comparative
sense it has outpaced all other industries。
With the commencement of the eighteenth century
we find the industry settling in Dresden； Chemnitz；
Amsterdam； Berlin； Elberfield and Cologne。 Still
later in London； Vienna； Paris； Edinburgh and Dublin；
and in the first half of the nineteenth century in
the United States； it had begun to make considerable
progress。
Among the first pioneers of the later modern ink
industry abroad； may be mentioned the names of
Stephens； Arnold； Blackwood； Ribaucourt； Stark；
Lewis； Runge； Leonhardi； Gafford； Bottger； Lipowitz；
Geissler； Jahn； Van Moos； Ure； Schmidt； Haenle； Elsner；
Bossin； Kindt； Trialle； Morrell； Cochrane； Antoine；
Faber； Waterlous； Tarling； Hyde； Thacker； Mordan；
Featherstone； Maurin； Triest and Draper。
In the period covered by the nineteenth century
at home； the legitimate industry included over 300
ink makers。 Those best known are Davids； Maynard
and Noyes； Carter； Underwood； Stafford； Moore； Davis；
Thomas； Sanford； Barnes； Morrell； Walkden； Lyons；
Freeman； Murray； Todd； Bonney； Pomeroy； Worthington；
Joy； Blair； Cross； Dunlap； Higgins； Paul； Anderson；
Woodmansee； Delang； Allen； Stearns； Gobel； Wallach；
Bartram； Ford and Harrison。
The ink phenomena included in the past eighty
years has demonstrated a continuing retrogression in
ink manufacture and a consequent deterioration of
necessary ink qualities。 When the attention of some
ink makers are addressed to these sad facts； they
attribute them； either to the demand of the public
for an agreeable color and a free flowing ink； or to an
inability to compete with inferior substitutes； which
have flooded the market since the discovery of the
coal tar colors； they have been compelled to depart
from old and tried formulas； in the extravagant use
（misuse） of the so…called 〃added〃 color。
An exceptional few of the older firms continue to
catalogue unadulterated 〃gall〃 inks； but the demand
for them except in localities where the law
COM