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weight of water。〃
Such an ink prepared after this receipt would be a
strictly pure tanno…gallate of iron ink WITHOUT any
〃added〃 color whatever。
The estimation in which such an ink is held by the
majority of the ink manufacturers is best illustrated
by quoting from two of the most prominent ones； and
thus enable the reader to draw his own conclusions。
〃We do not make a tanno…gallate of iron ink
without added color； and so far as we know； there
is no such ink on the market； as it would be practically
colorless and illegible。〃
* * * * * * *
〃There is no such ink （a tanno…gallate of iron ink
without added color） manufactured by any ink…
maker as far as I know。 It is obsolete。〃
The commercial names bestowed on the multitude
of different inks placed on the market by manufacturers
during the last century are in the thousands。
A few of them are cited as indicative of their variety；
some of which are still sold under these names。
Kosmian Safety Fluid； Bablah Ink； Universal Jet
Black； Treasury Ledger Fluid； Everlasting Black Ink；
Raven…Black Ink； Nut…gall Ink； Pernambuco Ink； Blue
Post Office Ink； Unchangeable Black； Document Safety
Ink； Birmingham Copying Ink； Commercial Writing
Fluid； Germania Ink； Horticultural Ink； Exchequer
Ink； Chesnut Ink； Carbon Safety Ink； Vanadium Ink；
Asiatic Ink； Terra…cotta Ink； Juglandin Ink； Persian
Copying； Sambucin； Chrome Ink； Sloe Ink； Steel Pen
Ink； Japanese Ink； English Office Ink； Catechu Ink；
Chinese Blue Ink； Alizarin Ink； School Ink； Berlin
Ink； Resin Ink； Water…glass Ink； Parisian Ink； Immutable
Ink； Graphite Ink； Nigrilin Ink； Munich Ink；
Electro…Chemical； Egyptian Black； 〃Koal〃 Black
Ink； Ebony Black Ink； Zulu Black； Cobalt Black；
Maroon Black； Aeilyton Copying； Dichroic； Congress
Record； Registration； 〃Old English；〃 etc。
The list of over 200 names； which follow； includes
those of manufacturers of the best known foreign and
domestic 〃black〃 inks and 〃chemical writing fluids〃
in use during the past century； as well as those
of the present time。
Adriana
Allfield
Anderson
Antoine
Arnaudon
Arnold
Artus
Ballade
Ballande
Barnes
Bart
Bartram
Beaur
Behrens
Belmondi
Berzelius
Bizanger
Blackwood
Blair
Bolley
Bonney
Bossin
Boswell
Bottger
Boutenguy
Braconnot
Brande
Bufeu
Bufton
Bure
Carter
Caw
Cellier
Champion
Chaptal
Chevallier
Clarke
Close
Cochrane
Collin
Cooke
Coupier and Collins
Coxe
Crock
Cross
Darcet
Davids
Davis
Delunel
Delarve
Delang
Derheims
Dize
Draper
Druck
Duhalde
Dumas
Dumovlen
Dunand
Dunlap
Ellis
Eisner
Faber
Faucher
Faux
Featherstone
Fesneau
Fontenelle
Ford
Fourmentin
Freeman
Fuchs
Gaffard
Gastaldi
Geissler
Geoffroy
Gebel
Goold
Goupeir
Grasse
Green
Guesneville
Gullier
Guyon
Guyot
Haenles
Hager
Haldat
Hanle
Hare
Harrison
Hausman
Heeren
Henry
Herepath
Hevrant
Higgins
Hogy
Hunt
Hyde
Jahn
James
Joy
Karmarsch
Kasleteyer
Kindt
Klaproth
Kloen
Knaffl
Knecht
Lanaux
Lanet
Larenaudiere
Lemancy
Lenormand
Leonhardi
Lewis
Ley Kauf
Link
Lipowitz
Lorme
Luhring
Lyons
MacCullogh
Mackensic
Mathieu
Maurin
Maynard and Noyes
Melville
Mendes
Meremee
Merget
Minet
Moller
Moore
Mordan
Moser
Morrell
Mozard
Murray
Nash
Nissen
Ohme
Ott
Paul
Payen
Perry
Peltz
Petibeau
Platzer
Plissey
Pomeroy
Poncelet
Prollius
Proust
Pusher
Rapp
Reade
Redwood
Reid
Remigi
Reinmann
Rheinfeld
Ribaucourt
Ricker
Roder
Ruhr
Runge
Sanford
Schaffgotoch
Schleckum
Schmidt
Schoffern
Scott
Seldrake
Selmi
Simon
Souberin
Souirssean
Stafford
Stark
Stein
Stephens
Stevens
Syuckerbuyk
Swan
Tabuy
Tarling
Thacker
Thomas
Thumann
Todd
Tomkins
Trialle
Triest
Trommsdorff
Underwood
Vallet
Van Moos
Vogel
Wagner
Walkden
Wallach
Waterlous
Windsor and Newton
Winternitz
Woodmansee
Worthington
CHAPTER XXIII。
CHEMICO…LEGAL INK。
ESTIMATED VALUE OF SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE AS HELD BY
THE COURT OF APPEALSNOW BEYOND THE PURVIEW OF
CRITICISMVERDICTS IN THE TRIALS OF CAUSES AFFECTED
BY SUCH EVIDENCELENGTH OF TIME NECESSARY
TO OVERCOME PREJUDICE AND IGNORANCE
WHERE OBJECTIONS TO SUCH EVIDENCE EMANATE
SOME OBSERVATIONS ABOUT SUCH EVIDENCE GENERALLY
WHEN PRECEDENT WAS MADE TO CHEMICALLY
EXAMINE A COURT EXHIBIT BEFORE TRIALTHE
CONTROVERSY IN WHICH JUDGE RANSOM MADE THIS NEW
DEPARTURECITATION OF THE CASE AND ITS OUTCOME
DECISION IN THE GORDON WILL CASE OBTAINED
BY THE SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCECOMPLETE STORY
ABOUT ITHISTORY OF THE DIMON WILL CASE AND
HOW CHEMISTRY MADE IT POSSIBLE TO CONSIDER
ITOPINION OF JUDGE INGRAHAMPEOPLE OF THE
STATE OF NEW YORK V。 CODYTHE ATTEMPT TO PROVE
AN ALLEGED 〃GOULD〃 BIRTH CERTIFICATE GENUINE；
FRUSTRATED BY CHEMICAL EVIDENCETHE DEFENDANT
CONVICTEDTHE PEOPLE V。 KELLAMCHEMICAL
EVIDENCE MAKES THE TRUTH KNOWNTHE HOLT
WILL CASE AND THE EVIDENCE WHICH AFFECTED ITS
RESULTTHE TIGHE WILL CASEOPINION OF JUDGE
FITZGERALD。
〃The administration of justice profits by the
progress of science； and its history shows it to
have been almost the earliest in antagonism to
popular delusion and superstition。 The revelations
of the microscope are constantly resorted to in
protection of individual and public interests。 。 。 。
If they are relied upon as agencies for accurate
mathematical results in mensuration and astronomy；
there is no reason why they should be deemed
unreliable in matters of evidence。 Wherever what
they disclose can aid or elucidate the just determination
of legal controversies there can be no well…
founded objection to resorting to them。〃 Frank
v。 Chemical Nat。 Bank； 37 Superior Court （J。 &
S。） 34； affirmed in Court of Appeals； 84 N。 Y。
209。
THIS decision by a final court of adjudicature； expresses
in no uncertain terms the now generally estimated
value of evidence which science may reveal。
The importance which that branch of it denominated
〃Chemico…legal ink〃 has attained and its utilization
in many trials of causes both civil as well as criminal；
places it beyond the purview of criticism or objection。
With the introduction of a new class of inks in the
last two decades； its scope has been much broadened。
Innumerable verdicts by juries wherever the system
prevails； all over the world； the opinions of learned
judges； whether presiding during a jury trial or sitting
alone； more or less affected by this character of evidence；
presents fairly the trend of the views of the
public mind respecting it。
Constant experiment and successful demonstrations；
covering a period of over fifty years； was necessary to
overcome prevailing prejudices and ignorance。
The conditions to…day； which happily obtain； are
that the objection to the introduction of such evidence
finds its source usually in the side seeking to obscure
and hide the truth or facts； while the honest litigant
or innocent individual hastens to advocate its employment。
Another feature worthy of consideration is that
persons who possess intimate knowledge of ink chem。
istry and who might otherwise successfully perpetrate
fraud if opportunity presented itself； refrain from
making the attempt because of that very knowledge；
which is sufficient also to teach them of the possible
exposure of their efforts。 Again； they and others are
aware of the reliance placed on chemico…legal evidence
as an aid to the cause of justice by courts and
juries and this is an added reason why they hesitate
to take chances。 These propositions being true； they
establish another one； viz： that most of the attempted
frauds at the present time in this connection； are by
the ignorant and those whose conceit does not permit
them to believe that any one knows more than themselves。
Chemico…legal ink evidence as before stated has
been employed in the trials of causes for many years；
but it was not until the year 1889 that a precedent
was established for the chemical examination of a
suspected document preceding any trial。 The honor
of this departure from the ordinary modes of procedure
belongs to the Hon。 Rastus S。 Ransom； who was
surrogate of the county of New York at the time。
The matter in controversy was an alleged will executed
in triplicate by one Thomas J。 Monroe。 Charges
were made that the three wills were spurious； as they
were facsimiles of each other。 It was for the main
purpose of determining the methods of their make…up
that Judge Ransom rendered the opinion and made
the order for its chemical examination which is cited
i