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forty centuries of ink-第63章

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Barclay; 1859; incorporated with the paper:



1。 Soluble ferrocyanides; ferricyanides; and sulphocyanides

of various metals; by forming dibasic salts

with potassium; sodium; or ammonium; in conjunction

with vegetable; animal; or metallic coloring matters。



2。 Salts of manganese; lead; or nickel not containing

ferrocyanogen。



3。 Ferrocyanides; etc。; of potassium; sodium; and

ammonium; in conjunction with insoluble salts of

manganese; lead; or nickel。



Hooper; 1860。 Employed oxides of iron; either

alone or dissolved in an acid; and mixed with the

pulp。



Nissen; 1860。 Treated paper with a preparation of

iron; together with ammonia; prussiate of potash and

chlorine; while in the pulp or being sized。



Middleton; 1860。 Joined together one portion of a

bank note printed upon one sheet of thin paper and

the other part on another; the two were then cemented

together by india…rubber; gutta…percha; or other compound。

The interior printing could be seen through

its covering sheet; so that the whole device on the

note appeared on its face。



Olier; 1861。 Employed several layers of paper of

various materials and colors; the middle one was

colored with a deleble dye; whose color was changed

by the application of chemicals to the outer layer。



Olier; 1863。 Prepared a paper of three layers of

different thicknesses; the central one having an easily

removable color; and the external layers were charged

with silicate of magnesia or other salt。



Forster and Draper; 1864。 Treating paper during

or after manufacture with artificial ultramarine and

Prussian blue or other metallic compound。



Hayward; 1864。 Incorporated threads of fibrous

materials of different colors or characters into and

among the pulp。



Loewenberg; 1866。 Introduced prussiate of potash

and oxalic acid or such other alkaline salts or acids

into the pulp; in order to indicate fraud in the removal

of cancellation stamps or written marks。



Casilear; 1868。 Printed numbers on a fugitive

ground; tint or color in order to prevent alteration of

figures or numbers。



Jameson; 1870。 Printed on paper; designs with

ferrocyanide of potassium and then soaked the paper

when dry in a solution of oxalic acid in alcohol。



Duthie; 1872。 Made a ground work of writing ink

of different colors by any known means of pen ruling。



Syms; 1876。 Produced graduated colored stains;

which were made to partially penetrate and spread in

the pulp web。



Van Nuys; 1878。 Colored the Paper with a pigment

and then printed designs with a soluble sulphide。



Casilear; 1878。 United two distinctive colored

papers; one a fugitive and the other a permanent

color。



Hendrichs; 1879。 Dipped ordinary paper in an

aqueous solution of sulphate of copper and carbonate

of ammonia and then added alkaline solutions of

cochineal or equivalent coloring matter。



Nowlan; 1884。 Backed the ordinary chemical paper

with a thin sheet of waterproof paper。



Menzies; 1884。 Introduced iodide and iodate of

potassium or their equivalents into paper。



Clapp; 1884。 Saturated paper with gallo…tanic acid;

but the ink used on this paper contained ferri…sesquichloride

or other similar preparation of iron。



Hill; 1885。 Introduced into paper; ferrocyanide of

manganese and hydrated peroxide of iron。



Schreiber; 1885。 Colored paper material with indigo

and with a subsequent treatment of chromates

soluble only in alcohol。



Schreiber; 1885。 Treated finished paper with ferric…

oxide salts and with ferrocyanides insoluble in water

but soluble in acids。



Schlumberger; 1890。 Impregnated white paper with

a resinated ferrous salt; a resin compound of plumbic

ferrocyanide; and a resin compound of ferrocyanide

of manganese in combination with a salt of molybdenum

and a resin compound of zinc sulphide。



Schlumberger; 1893。 Dyed first the splash fibers

and mixed them with the paper pulp。 Second。 He also

treated portions of the surface with an alkali; so as to

form lines or characters thereon; then immersed the

same in a weak acid; in order to produce water…mark

lines。



Carvalho; 1894。 1。 Charged the paper with bismuth

iodide and sodium iodide。 2。 Charged the paper with

a bismuth salt and iodide of soda in combination with

primulin; congo red or other pigment。 3。 Charged the

paper with a benzidine dye and an alkaline iodide。



1895。 Applied a compound; sensitive to ink erasing

chemicals; AFTER the writing has been placed on the

paper。



Hoskins and Weis; 1895; a safety paper having

added thereto a soluble ferrocyanide and a per…salt of

iron insoluble in water but decomposable by a weak

acid in the presence of a soluble ferrocyanide; as and

for the purpose described。 (2) A safety paper having

added thereto a ferrocyanide soluble in water; a

per…salt of iron insoluble in water but easily decomposed

by weak acids in the presence of a ferrocyanide

soluble in water; and a salt of manganese easily decomposed

by alkalis or bleaching agents; substantially

as described。



A review of the various processes for treatment of

paper in pulp or when finished; demonstrates that

time; money and study has been devoted to the

production of a REAL safety paper。 Some compositions

and processes have in a measure been successful。 It

is found; however; that the ingenuity of those evil…minded

persons; to the detection of whose efforts to

alter the writing in documents this class of invention

has more particularly been directed; finds a ready way

of removing in some cases the evidence which the

chemical reagent furnishes。 This being true most of

them have become obsolete; having entirely failed to

accomplish the purposes for which they were invented。



There are but three so…called safety papers now on

the market; if we exclude those possessing printed designs

in fugitive colors。



It is a strange anomaly; nevertheless it is true; that

90 per cent or more of the 〃raised〃 checks; notes;

or other monetary instruments which were in their

original condition written on ordinary or so…called

safety paper; never could have been successfully 〃put

through〃 but for the gross and at times criminal negligence

of their writers by the failure to adopt precautions

of the very simplest kinds; and thereby

avoided placing temptation in the way of many who

under other circumstances would never have thought

of becoming forgers。



There is no safety paper; safety ink; or mechanical

appliance which will prevent the insertion of words or

figures before other words or figures if a blank space

be left where the forger can place them。







CHAPTER XXXII。



CURIOSA (INK AND OTHER WRITING MATERIALS)。



ARTIFICIAL INK AND PAPER OWE THEIR INVENTION TO

THE WASPPHoeNICIA; 〃LAND OF THE PURPLE…DYE〃

LINES; ADDRESSED TO THE PHoeNICIANOLDEST

EXISTING PIECE OF LITERARY COMPOSITIONWHERE

PAPYRUS STILL GROWSDU CANGE'S LINES ON THE

STYLUSMATERIALS USED TO PROMULGATE ANCIENT

LAWS OF GREECEANCIENT METHOD OF WRITING

WILLSMATERIALS EMPLOYED IN ANCIENT HEBREW

ROLLSANTIQUITY OF EXISTING HEBREW WRITING

OLDEST SPECIMEN OF GREEK WAX WRITING

WOODEN TALLIES AS EMPLOYED IN ENGLANDWHEN

WRITING IN GOLD CEASEDDATE OF THE FIRST DISCOVERY

OF GREEK PAPYRUS IN EGYPTPERIODS TO

WHICH BELONG VARIOUS STYLES OF WRITINGANECDOTE

AND POEM ABOUT THE FIRST GOLD PENINTERESTING

NOTES ABOUT PENS AND INK…HORNSEMPLOYMENT

OF THE PEN AS A BADGE IN THE FOURTEENTH

CENTURYSOME LINES BY COCKERTHE OLDEST

EXISTING WRITTEN DOCUMENTS OF RUSSIAWHEN

SEALING WAX WAS FIRST EMPLOYEDPLINY'S

DESCRIPTION OF THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF PAPYRUS

PAPERMODE OF PRESERVING THE ANCIENT PAPYRUS

ROLLSSUGGESTIONS RESPECTING USES OF INK

COMPARATIVE TABLE ABOUT COAL TAR AND ITS BY…

PRODUCTSCOMPOSITIONS OF SECRET INKS AND HOW

TO RENDER THEM VISIBLECHARACTER OF INK EMPLOYED

FOR MANY YEARS BY THE WASHINGTON PATENT

OFFICEFACTS ELICITED BY HERAPATH IN THE UNROLLMENT

OF A MUMMYLINES FROM SHAKESPEARE

AND PERSEUSSEVENTEENTH CENTURY OBSERVATIONS

ABOUT SECRET INKSCAUSE OF THE DESTRUCTION

OF MANY ANCIENT MSS。METHODS TO BE EMPLOYED

IN THE RESTORATION OF SOME OLD INKS

VARIATIONS IN THE MEANING OF WORDSTHE POUNCE

BOX PRECEDED BLOTTING PAPERSOME OBSERVATIONS

ABOUT BLOTTING PAPERANECDOTE RELATING

TO DR。 GALEWHEN WAFERS WERE INTRODUCED

PERSIAN ANECDOTE ABOUT THE DIVESEPISODES

RESPECTING THE STYLUSDESCRIPTION BY BELOE

OF ANCIENT PERSIC AND ARABIC MSS。CITATION FROM

OLD BOSTON NEWSPAPER AND POEMMETHOD OF

COLLECTING RAGS IN 1807 AND SOME LINES ADDRESSED

TO THE LADIESMETHOD TO PHOTOGRAPH

COLORED INKSPOEM BY ISABELLE HOWE FISKE。



IN considering the important and kindred subjects

of 〃gall〃 ink and 〃pulp〃 paper; we are not to

forget the LITTLE things connected with their development

and which; indeed; made their invention

possible。



The gall…nut contains gallic and gallo…tannic acid;

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