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Barclay； 1859； incorporated with the paper：
1。 Soluble ferrocyanides； ferricyanides； and sulphocyanides
of various metals； by forming dibasic salts
with potassium； sodium； or ammonium； in conjunction
with vegetable； animal； or metallic coloring matters。
2。 Salts of manganese； lead； or nickel not containing
ferrocyanogen。
3。 Ferrocyanides； etc。； of potassium； sodium； and
ammonium； in conjunction with insoluble salts of
manganese； lead； or nickel。
Hooper； 1860。 Employed oxides of iron； either
alone or dissolved in an acid； and mixed with the
pulp。
Nissen； 1860。 Treated paper with a preparation of
iron； together with ammonia； prussiate of potash and
chlorine； while in the pulp or being sized。
Middleton； 1860。 Joined together one portion of a
bank note printed upon one sheet of thin paper and
the other part on another； the two were then cemented
together by india…rubber； gutta…percha； or other compound。
The interior printing could be seen through
its covering sheet； so that the whole device on the
note appeared on its face。
Olier； 1861。 Employed several layers of paper of
various materials and colors； the middle one was
colored with a deleble dye； whose color was changed
by the application of chemicals to the outer layer。
Olier； 1863。 Prepared a paper of three layers of
different thicknesses； the central one having an easily
removable color； and the external layers were charged
with silicate of magnesia or other salt。
Forster and Draper； 1864。 Treating paper during
or after manufacture with artificial ultramarine and
Prussian blue or other metallic compound。
Hayward； 1864。 Incorporated threads of fibrous
materials of different colors or characters into and
among the pulp。
Loewenberg； 1866。 Introduced prussiate of potash
and oxalic acid or such other alkaline salts or acids
into the pulp； in order to indicate fraud in the removal
of cancellation stamps or written marks。
Casilear； 1868。 Printed numbers on a fugitive
ground； tint or color in order to prevent alteration of
figures or numbers。
Jameson； 1870。 Printed on paper； designs with
ferrocyanide of potassium and then soaked the paper
when dry in a solution of oxalic acid in alcohol。
Duthie； 1872。 Made a ground work of writing ink
of different colors by any known means of pen ruling。
Syms； 1876。 Produced graduated colored stains；
which were made to partially penetrate and spread in
the pulp web。
Van Nuys； 1878。 Colored the Paper with a pigment
and then printed designs with a soluble sulphide。
Casilear； 1878。 United two distinctive colored
papers； one a fugitive and the other a permanent
color。
Hendrichs； 1879。 Dipped ordinary paper in an
aqueous solution of sulphate of copper and carbonate
of ammonia and then added alkaline solutions of
cochineal or equivalent coloring matter。
Nowlan； 1884。 Backed the ordinary chemical paper
with a thin sheet of waterproof paper。
Menzies； 1884。 Introduced iodide and iodate of
potassium or their equivalents into paper。
Clapp； 1884。 Saturated paper with gallo…tanic acid；
but the ink used on this paper contained ferri…sesquichloride
or other similar preparation of iron。
Hill； 1885。 Introduced into paper； ferrocyanide of
manganese and hydrated peroxide of iron。
Schreiber； 1885。 Colored paper material with indigo
and with a subsequent treatment of chromates
soluble only in alcohol。
Schreiber； 1885。 Treated finished paper with ferric…
oxide salts and with ferrocyanides insoluble in water
but soluble in acids。
Schlumberger； 1890。 Impregnated white paper with
a resinated ferrous salt； a resin compound of plumbic
ferrocyanide； and a resin compound of ferrocyanide
of manganese in combination with a salt of molybdenum
and a resin compound of zinc sulphide。
Schlumberger； 1893。 Dyed first the splash fibers
and mixed them with the paper pulp。 Second。 He also
treated portions of the surface with an alkali； so as to
form lines or characters thereon； then immersed the
same in a weak acid； in order to produce water…mark
lines。
Carvalho； 1894。 1。 Charged the paper with bismuth
iodide and sodium iodide。 2。 Charged the paper with
a bismuth salt and iodide of soda in combination with
primulin； congo red or other pigment。 3。 Charged the
paper with a benzidine dye and an alkaline iodide。
1895。 Applied a compound； sensitive to ink erasing
chemicals； AFTER the writing has been placed on the
paper。
Hoskins and Weis； 1895； a safety paper having
added thereto a soluble ferrocyanide and a per…salt of
iron insoluble in water but decomposable by a weak
acid in the presence of a soluble ferrocyanide； as and
for the purpose described。 （2） A safety paper having
added thereto a ferrocyanide soluble in water； a
per…salt of iron insoluble in water but easily decomposed
by weak acids in the presence of a ferrocyanide
soluble in water； and a salt of manganese easily decomposed
by alkalis or bleaching agents； substantially
as described。
A review of the various processes for treatment of
paper in pulp or when finished； demonstrates that
time； money and study has been devoted to the
production of a REAL safety paper。 Some compositions
and processes have in a measure been successful。 It
is found； however； that the ingenuity of those evil…minded
persons； to the detection of whose efforts to
alter the writing in documents this class of invention
has more particularly been directed； finds a ready way
of removing in some cases the evidence which the
chemical reagent furnishes。 This being true most of
them have become obsolete； having entirely failed to
accomplish the purposes for which they were invented。
There are but three so…called safety papers now on
the market； if we exclude those possessing printed designs
in fugitive colors。
It is a strange anomaly； nevertheless it is true； that
90 per cent or more of the 〃raised〃 checks； notes；
or other monetary instruments which were in their
original condition written on ordinary or so…called
safety paper； never could have been successfully 〃put
through〃 but for the gross and at times criminal negligence
of their writers by the failure to adopt precautions
of the very simplest kinds； and thereby
avoided placing temptation in the way of many who
under other circumstances would never have thought
of becoming forgers。
There is no safety paper； safety ink； or mechanical
appliance which will prevent the insertion of words or
figures before other words or figures if a blank space
be left where the forger can place them。
CHAPTER XXXII。
CURIOSA （INK AND OTHER WRITING MATERIALS）。
ARTIFICIAL INK AND PAPER OWE THEIR INVENTION TO
THE WASPPHoeNICIA； 〃LAND OF THE PURPLE…DYE〃
LINES； ADDRESSED TO THE PHoeNICIANOLDEST
EXISTING PIECE OF LITERARY COMPOSITIONWHERE
PAPYRUS STILL GROWSDU CANGE'S LINES ON THE
STYLUSMATERIALS USED TO PROMULGATE ANCIENT
LAWS OF GREECEANCIENT METHOD OF WRITING
WILLSMATERIALS EMPLOYED IN ANCIENT HEBREW
ROLLSANTIQUITY OF EXISTING HEBREW WRITING
OLDEST SPECIMEN OF GREEK WAX WRITING
WOODEN TALLIES AS EMPLOYED IN ENGLANDWHEN
WRITING IN GOLD CEASEDDATE OF THE FIRST DISCOVERY
OF GREEK PAPYRUS IN EGYPTPERIODS TO
WHICH BELONG VARIOUS STYLES OF WRITINGANECDOTE
AND POEM ABOUT THE FIRST GOLD PENINTERESTING
NOTES ABOUT PENS AND INK…HORNSEMPLOYMENT
OF THE PEN AS A BADGE IN THE FOURTEENTH
CENTURYSOME LINES BY COCKERTHE OLDEST
EXISTING WRITTEN DOCUMENTS OF RUSSIAWHEN
SEALING WAX WAS FIRST EMPLOYEDPLINY'S
DESCRIPTION OF THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF PAPYRUS
PAPERMODE OF PRESERVING THE ANCIENT PAPYRUS
ROLLSSUGGESTIONS RESPECTING USES OF INK
COMPARATIVE TABLE ABOUT COAL TAR AND ITS BY…
PRODUCTSCOMPOSITIONS OF SECRET INKS AND HOW
TO RENDER THEM VISIBLECHARACTER OF INK EMPLOYED
FOR MANY YEARS BY THE WASHINGTON PATENT
OFFICEFACTS ELICITED BY HERAPATH IN THE UNROLLMENT
OF A MUMMYLINES FROM SHAKESPEARE
AND PERSEUSSEVENTEENTH CENTURY OBSERVATIONS
ABOUT SECRET INKSCAUSE OF THE DESTRUCTION
OF MANY ANCIENT MSS。METHODS TO BE EMPLOYED
IN THE RESTORATION OF SOME OLD INKS
VARIATIONS IN THE MEANING OF WORDSTHE POUNCE
BOX PRECEDED BLOTTING PAPERSOME OBSERVATIONS
ABOUT BLOTTING PAPERANECDOTE RELATING
TO DR。 GALEWHEN WAFERS WERE INTRODUCED
PERSIAN ANECDOTE ABOUT THE DIVESEPISODES
RESPECTING THE STYLUSDESCRIPTION BY BELOE
OF ANCIENT PERSIC AND ARABIC MSS。CITATION FROM
OLD BOSTON NEWSPAPER AND POEMMETHOD OF
COLLECTING RAGS IN 1807 AND SOME LINES ADDRESSED
TO THE LADIESMETHOD TO PHOTOGRAPH
COLORED INKSPOEM BY ISABELLE HOWE FISKE。
IN considering the important and kindred subjects
of 〃gall〃 ink and 〃pulp〃 paper； we are not to
forget the LITTLE things connected with their development
and which； indeed； made their invention
possible。
The gall…nut contains gallic and gallo…tannic acid；