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plantation in which the murderers lay hidden。 The readers of 〃Shirley〃 will recognise these circumstances； which were related to Miss Bronte years after they occurred； but on the very spots where they took place； and by persons who remembered full well those terrible times of insecurity to life and property on the one hand； and of bitter starvation and blind ignorant despair on the other。
Mr。 Bronte himself had been living amongst these very people in 1812； as he was then clergyman at Hartshead； not three miles from Rawfolds； and； as I have mentioned； it was in these perilous times that he began his custom of carrying a loaded pistol continually about with him。 For not only his Tory politics； but his love and regard for the authority of the law； made him despise the cowardice of the surrounding magistrates； who； in their dread of the Luddites； refused to interfere so as to prevent the destruction of property。 The clergy of the district were the bravest men by far。
There was a Mr。 Roberson of Heald's Hall； a friend of Mr。 Bronte's who has left a deep impression of himself on the public mind。 He lived near Heckmondwike； a large； straggling； dirty village； not two miles from Roe Head。 It was principally inhabited by blanket weavers； who worked in their own cottages； and Heald's Hall is the largest house in the village； of which Mr。 Roberson was the vicar。 At his own cost； he built a handsome church at Liversedge； on a hill opposite the one on which his house stood； which was the first attempt in the West Riding to meet the wants of the overgrown population； and made many personal sacrifices for his opinions； both religious and political； which were of the true old…fashioned Tory stamp。 He hated everything which he fancied had a tendency towards anarchy。 He was loyal in every fibre to Church and King； and would have proudly laid down his life； any day； for what he believed to be right and true。 But he was a man of an imperial will； and by it he bore down opposition； till tradition represents him as having something grimly demoniac about him。 He was intimate with Cartwright； and aware of the attack likely to be made on his mill； accordingly； it is said； he armed himself and his household； and was prepared to come to the rescue； in the event of a signal being given that aid was needed。 Thus far is likely enough。 Mr。 Roberson had plenty of war…like spirit in him； man of peace though he was。
But； in consequence of his having taken the unpopular side； exaggerations of his character linger as truth in the minds of the people； and a fabulous story is told of his forbidding any one to give water to the wounded Luddites； left in the mill…yard； when he rode in the next morning to congratulate his friend Cartwright on his successful defence。 Moreover； this stern； fearless clergyman had the soldiers that were sent to defend the neighbourhood billeted at his house； and this deeply displeased the work…people； who were to be intimidated by the red…coats。 Although not a magistrate； he spared no pains to track out the Luddites concerned in the assassination I have mentioned； and was so successful in his acute unflinching energy； that it was believed he had been supernaturally aided； and the country people； stealing into the fields surrounding Heald's Hall on dusky winter evenings； years after this time； declared that through the windows they saw Parson Roberson dancing； in a strange red light； with black demons all whirling and eddying round him。 He kept a large boys' school； and made himself both respected and dreaded by his pupils。 He added a grim kind of humour to his strength of will； and the former quality suggested to his fancy strange out…of…the…way kinds of punishment for any refractory pupils： for instance； he made them stand on one leg in a corner of the schoolroom； holding a heavy book in each hand； and once； when a boy had run away home； he followed him on horseback； reclaimed him from his parents； and； tying him by a rope to the stirrup of his saddle； made him run alongside of his horse for the many miles they had to traverse before reaching Heald's Hall。
One other illustration of his character may be given。 He discovered that his servant Betty had 〃a follower；〃 and； watching his time till Richard was found in the kitchen； he ordered him into the dining…room； where the pupils were all assembled。 He then questioned Richard whether he had come after Betty； and on his confessing the truth； Mr。 Roberson gave the word； 〃Off with him； lads； to the pump！〃 The poor lover was dragged to the court… yard； and the pump set to play upon him； and； between every drenching； the question was put to him； 〃Will you promise not to come after Betty again？〃 For a long time Richard bravely refused to give in； when 〃Pump again； lads！〃 was the order。 But； at last； the poor soaked 〃follower〃 was forced to yield； and renounce his Betty。
The Yorkshire character of Mr。 Roberson would be incomplete if I did not mention his fondness for horses。 He lived to be a very old man； dying some time nearer to 1840 than 1830； and even after he was eighty years of age； he took great delight in breaking refractory steeds； if necessary； he would sit motionless on their backs for half…an…hour or more to bring them to。 There is a story current that once； in a passion； he shot his wife's favourite horse； and buried it near a quarry； where the ground； some years after； miraculously opened and displayed the skeleton； but the real fact is； that it was an act of humanity to put a poor old horse out of misery； and that； to spare it pain； he shot it with his own hands； and buried it where； the ground sinking afterwards by the working of a coal…pit； the bones came to light。 The traditional colouring shows the animus with which his memory is regarded by one set of people。 By another； the neighbouring clergy； who remember him riding； in his old age； down the hill on which his house stood； upon his strong white horsehis bearing proud and dignified； his shovel hat bent over and shadowing his keen eagle eyesgoing to his Sunday duty like a faithful soldier that dies in harnesswho can appreciate his loyalty to conscience； his sacrifices to duty； and his stand by his religion… …his memory is venerated。 In his extreme old age； a rubric meeting was held； at which his clerical brethren gladly subscribed to present him with a testimonial of their deep respect and regard。
This is a specimen of the strong character not seldom manifested by the Yorkshire clergy of the Established Church。 Mr。 Roberson was a friend of Charlotte Bronte's father； lived within a couple of miles of Roe Head while she was at school there； and was deeply engaged in transactions； the memory of which was yet recent when she heard of them； and of the part which he had had in them。
I may now say a little on the character of the Dissenting population immediately surrounding Roe Head； for the 〃Tory and clergyman's daughter；〃 〃taking interest in politics ever since she was five years old；〃 and holding frequent discussions with such of the girls as were Dissenters and Radicals； was sure to have made herself as much acquainted as she could with the condition of those to whom she was opposed in opinion。
The bulk of the population were Dissenters； principally Independents。 In the village of Heckmondwike； at one end of which Roe Head is situated； there were two large chapels belonging to that denomination； and one to the Methodists； all of which were well filled two or three times on a Sunday； besides having various prayer…meetings； fully attended； on week…days。 The inhabitants were a chapel…going people； very critical about the doctrine of their sermons； tyrannical to their ministers； and violent Radicals in politics。 A friend； well acquainted with the place when Charlotte Bronte was at school； has described some events which occurred then among them：…
〃A scene； which took place at the Lower Chapel at Heckmondwike； will give you some idea of the people at that time。 When a newly… married couple made their appearance at chapel； it was the custom to sing the Wedding Anthem； just after the last prayer； and as the congregation was quitting the chapel。 The band of singers who performed this ceremony expected to have money given them； and often passed the following night in drinking； at least； so said the minister of the place； and he determined to put an end to this custom。 In this he was supported by many members of the chapel and congregation； but so strong was the democratic element； that he met with the most violent opposition； and was often insulted when he went into the street。 A bride was expected to make her first appearance； and the minister told the singers not to perform the anthem。 On their declaring they would； he had the large pew which they usually occupied locked； they broke it open： from the pulpit he told the congregation that； instead of their singing a hymn； he would read a chapter； hardly had he uttered the first word； before up rose the singers； headed by a tall； fierce…looking weaver； who gave out a hymn； and all sang it at the very top of their voices； aided by those of their friends who were in the chapel。 Those who disapproved of the conduct of the singers； and sid