°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
d¡¡gave¡¡the¡¡Government¡¡fifty¡eight¡¡per¡¡cent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡popular¡¡vote¡¡and¡¡sixty¡five¡¡per¡¡cent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡seats¡¡in¡¡the¡¡House¡£¡¡Confidence¡¡in¡¡the¡¡administrative¡¡capacity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡new¡¡Government£»¡¡the¡¡belief¡¡that¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡more¡¡vigorous¡¡in¡¡carrying¡¡on¡¡the¡¡war£»¡¡the¡¡desire¡¡to¡¡make¡¡Quebec¡¡do¡¡its¡¡share£»¡¡the¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡leaders¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Western¡¡Liberals¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Grain¡¡Growers'¡¡Associations£»¡¡wholesale¡¡promises¡¡of¡¡exemption¡¡to¡¡farmers£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡working¡¡of¡¡the¡¡new¡¡franchise¡¡law¡¡all¡¡had¡¡their¡¡part¡¡in¡¡the¡¡result¡£¡¡Eight¡¡months¡¡after¡¡the¡¡Military¡¡Service¡¡Act¡¡was¡¡passed£»¡¡it¡¡had¡¡added¡¡only¡¡twenty¡¡thousand¡¡men¡¡to¡¡the¡¡nearly¡¡five¡¡hundred¡¡thousand¡¡volunteers£»¡¡but¡¡steps¡¡were¡¡then¡¡taken¡¡to¡¡cancel¡¡exemptions¡¡and¡¡to¡¡simplify¡¡the¡¡machinery¡¡of¡¡administration¡£¡¡Some¡¡eighty¡¡thousand¡¡men¡¡were¡¡raised¡¡under¡¡conscription£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡war£»¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡Canada¡¡was¡¡concerned£»¡¡was¡¡fought¡¡and¡¡won¡¡by¡¡volunteers¡£
¡¨The¡¡self¡governing¡¡British¡¡colonies£»¡¨¡¡wrote¡¡Bernhardi¡¡before¡¡the¡¡war£»¡¡¡¨have¡¡at¡¡their¡¡disposal¡¡a¡¡militia£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡sometimes¡¡only¡¡in¡¡process¡¡of¡¡formation¡£¡¡They¡¡can¡¡be¡¡completely¡¡ignored¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡concerns¡¡any¡¡European¡¡theater¡¡of¡¡war¡£¡¨¡¡This¡¡contemptuous¡¡forecast¡¡might¡¡have¡¡been¡¡justified¡¡had¡¡German¡¡expectations¡¡of¡¡a¡¡short¡¡war¡¡been¡¡fulfilled¡£¡¡Though¡¡large¡¡and¡¡increasing¡¡sums¡¡had¡¡in¡¡recent¡¡years¡¡been¡¡spent¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Canadian¡¡militia¡¡and¡¡on¡¡a¡¡small¡¡permanent¡¡force£»¡¡the¡¡work¡¡of¡¡building¡¡up¡¡an¡¡army¡¡on¡¡the¡¡scale¡¡the¡¡war¡¡demanded¡¡had¡¡virtually¡¡to¡¡be¡¡begun¡¡from¡¡the¡¡foundation¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡pushed¡¡ahead¡¡with¡¡vigor£»¡¡under¡¡the¡¡direction£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡first¡¡three¡¡years£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Minister¡¡of¡¡Militia£»¡¡General¡¡Sir¡¡Sam¡¡Hughes¡£¡¡Many¡¡mistakes¡¡were¡¡made¡£¡¡Complaints¡¡of¡¡waste¡¡in¡¡supply¡¡departments¡¡and¡¡of¡¡slackness¡¡of¡¡discipline¡¡among¡¡the¡¡troops¡¡were¡¡rife¡¡in¡¡the¡¡early¡¡months¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡work¡¡went¡¡on£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡the¡¡testing¡¡time¡¡came£»¡¡Canada's¡¡civilian¡¡soldiers¡¡held¡¡their¡¡own¡¡with¡¡any¡¡veterans¡¡on¡¡either¡¡side¡¡the¡¡long¡¡line¡¡of¡¡trenches¡£
It¡¡was¡¡in¡¡April£»¡¡1915£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡second¡¡battle¡¡of¡¡Ypresor£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡more¡¡often¡¡termed¡¡in¡¡Canada£»¡¡St¡£¡¡Julien¡¡or¡¡Langemarckthat¡¡the¡¡quality¡¡of¡¡the¡¡men¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first¡¡contingent¡¡was¡¡blazoned¡¡forth¡£¡¡The¡¡Germans¡¡had¡¡launched¡¡a¡¡determined¡¡attack¡¡on¡¡the¡¡junction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡French¡¡and¡¡Canadian¡¡forces£»¡¡seeking¡¡to¡¡drive¡¡through¡¡to¡¡Calais¡£¡¡The¡¡use£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡first¡¡time£»¡¡of¡¡asphyxiating¡¡gases¡¡drove¡¡back¡¡in¡¡confusion¡¡the¡¡French¡¡colonial¡¡troops¡¡on¡¡the¡¡left¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Canadians¡£¡¡Attacked¡¡and¡¡outflanked¡¡by¡¡a¡¡German¡¡army¡¡of¡¡150£»000¡¡men£»¡¡four¡¡Canadian¡¡brigades£»¡¡immensely¡¡inferior¡¡in¡¡heavy¡¡artillery¡¡and¡¡tortured¡¡by¡¡the¡¡poisonous¡¡fumes£»¡¡filled¡¡the¡¡gap£»¡¡hanging¡¡on¡¡doggedly¡¡day¡¡and¡¡night¡¡until¡¡reenforcements¡¡came¡¡and¡¡Calais¡¡was¡¡saved¡£¡¡In¡¡sober¡¡retrospection¡¡it¡¡was¡¡almost¡¡incredible¡¡that¡¡the¡¡thin¡¡khaki¡¡line¡¡had¡¡held¡¡against¡¡the¡¡overwhelming¡¡odds¡¡which¡¡faced¡¡it¡£¡¡A¡¡few¡¡weeks¡¡later£»¡¡at¡¡Givenchy¡¡and¡¡Festubert£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡bloody¡¡salient¡¡of¡¡Ypres£»¡¡the¡¡Canadian¡¡division¡¡displayed¡¡equal¡¡courage¡¡with¡¡hardly¡¡equal¡¡success¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡spring¡¡of¡¡1916£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡Canadian¡¡forces¡¡grew¡¡first¡¡to¡¡three¡¡and¡¡then¡¡to¡¡four¡¡divisions£»¡¡heavy¡¡toll¡¡was¡¡taken¡¡at¡¡St¡£¡¡Eloi¡¡and¡¡Sanctuary¡¡Wood¡£
When¡¡they¡¡were¡¡shifted¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Ypres¡¡sector¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Somme£»¡¡the¡¡dashing¡¡success¡¡at¡¡Courcelette¡¡showed¡¡them¡¡as¡¡efficient¡¡in¡¡offense¡¡as¡¡in¡¡defense¡£¡¡In¡¡1917¡¡a¡¡Canadian¡¡general£»¡¡Sir¡¡Arthur¡¡Currie£»¡¡three¡¡years¡¡before¡¡only¡¡a¡¡business¡¡man¡¡of¡¡Vancouver£»¡¡took¡¡command¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Canadian¡¡troops¡£¡¡The¡¡capture¡¡of¡¡Vimy¡¡Ridge£»¡¡key¡¡to¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡Arras¡¡position£»¡¡after¡¡months¡¡of¡¡careful¡¡preparation£»¡¡the¡¡hard¡fought¡¡struggle¡¡for¡¡Lens£»¡¡and¡¡toward¡¡the¡¡close¡¡of¡¡the¡¡year¡¡the¡¡winning¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Passchendaele¡¡Ridge£»¡¡at¡¡heavy¡¡cost£»¡¡were¡¡instances¡¡of¡¡the¡¡increasing¡¡scale¡¡and¡¡importance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡operations¡¡entrusted¡¡to¡¡Currie's¡¡men¡£
In¡¡the¡¡closing¡¡year¡¡of¡¡the¡¡war¡¡the¡¡Canadian¡¡corps¡¡played¡¡a¡¡still¡¡more¡¡distinctive¡¡and¡¡essential¡¡part¡£¡¡During¡¡the¡¡early¡¡months¡¡of¡¡1918£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡Germans¡¡were¡¡making¡¡their¡¡desperate¡¡thrusts¡¡for¡¡Paris¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Channel£»¡¡the¡¡Canadians¡¡held¡¡little¡¡of¡¡the¡¡line¡¡that¡¡was¡¡attacked¡£¡¡Their¡¡divisions¡¡had¡¡been¡¡withdrawn¡¡in¡¡turn¡¡for¡¡special¡¡training¡¡in¡¡open¡¡warfare¡¡movements£»¡¡in¡¡close¡¡cooperation¡¡with¡¡tanks¡¡and¡¡air¡¡forces¡£¡¡When¡¡the¡¡time¡¡came¡¡to¡¡launch¡¡the¡¡Allied¡¡offensive£»¡¡they¡¡were¡¡ready¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡Canadian¡¡troops¡¡who¡¡broke¡¡the¡¡hitherto¡¡unbreakable¡¡Wotan¡¡line£»¡¡or¡¡Drocourt¡Queant¡¡switch£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡Canadians¡¡who¡¡served¡¡as¡¡the¡¡spearhead¡¡in¡¡the¡¡decisive¡¡thrust¡¡against¡¡Cambrai£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡was¡¡Canadians¡¡who¡¡captured¡¡Mons£»¡¡the¡¡last¡¡German¡¡stronghold¡¡taken¡¡before¡¡the¡¡armistice¡¡was¡¡signed£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡ended¡¡the¡¡war¡¡at¡¡the¡¡very¡¡spot¡¡where¡¡the¡¡British¡¡¡¨Old¡¡Contemptibles¡¨¡¡had¡¡begun¡¡their¡¡dogged¡¡fight¡¡four¡¡years¡¡before¡£
Through¡¡all¡¡the¡¡years¡¡of¡¡war¡¡the¡¡Canadian¡¡forces¡¡never¡¡lost¡¡a¡¡gun¡¡nor¡¡retired¡¡from¡¡a¡¡position¡¡they¡¡had¡¡consolidated¡£¡¡Canadians¡¡were¡¡the¡¡first¡¡to¡¡practice¡¡trench¡¡raiding£»¡¡and¡¡Canadian¡¡cadets¡¡thronged¡¡that¡¡branch¡¡of¡¡the¡¡service£»¡¡the¡¡Royal¡¡Flying¡¡Corps£»¡¡where¡¡steady¡¡nerves¡¡and¡¡individual¡¡initiative¡¡were¡¡at¡¡a¡¡premium¡£¡¡In¡¡countless¡¡actions¡¡they¡¡proved¡¡their¡¡fitness¡¡to¡¡stand¡¡shoulder¡¡to¡¡shoulder¡¡with¡¡the¡¡best¡¡that¡¡Britain¡¡and¡¡France¡¡and¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡could¡¡send£º¡¡they¡¡asked¡¡no¡¡more¡¡than¡¡that¡£¡¡The¡¡casualty¡¡list¡¡of¡¡220£»000¡¡men£»¡¡of¡¡whom¡¡60£»000¡¡sleep¡¡forever¡¡in¡¡the¡¡fields¡¡of¡¡France¡¡and¡¡Flanders¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡plains¡¡of¡¡England£»¡¡witnesses¡¡the¡¡price¡¡this¡¡people¡¡of¡¡eight¡¡millions¡¡paid¡¡as¡¡its¡¡share¡¡in¡¡the¡¡task¡¡of¡¡freeing¡¡the¡¡world¡¡from¡¡tyranny¡£
The¡¡realization¡¡that¡¡in¡¡a¡¡world¡¡war¡¡not¡¡merely¡¡the¡¡men¡¡in¡¡the¡¡trenches¡¡but¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡nation¡¡could¡¡and¡¡must¡¡be¡¡counted¡¡as¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fighting¡¡force¡¡was¡¡slow¡¡in¡¡coming¡¡in¡¡Canada¡¡as¡¡in¡¡other¡¡democratic¡¡and¡¡unwarlike¡¡lands¡£¡¡Slowly¡¡the¡¡industry¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country¡¡was¡¡adjusted¡¡to¡¡a¡¡war¡¡basis¡£¡¡When¡¡the¡¡conflict¡¡broke¡¡out£»¡¡the¡¡country¡¡was¡¡pulling¡¡itself¡¡together¡¡after¡¡the¡¡sudden¡¡collapse¡¡of¡¡the¡¡speculative¡¡boom¡¡of¡¡the¡¡preceding¡¡decade¡£¡¡For¡¡a¡¡time¡¡men¡¡were¡¡content¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡their¡¡organization¡¡together¡¡and¡¡to¡¡avert¡¡the¡¡slackening¡¡of¡¡trade¡¡and¡¡the¡¡spread¡¡of¡¡unemployment¡¡which¡¡they¡¡feared¡£¡¡Then£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡industrial¡¡needs¡¡and¡¡opportunities¡¡of¡¡the¡¡war¡¡became¡¡clear£»¡¡they¡¡rallied¡£¡¡Field¡¡and¡¡factory¡¡vied¡¡in¡¡expansion£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Canadian¡¡contribution¡¡of¡¡food¡¡and¡¡munitions¡¡provided¡¡a¡¡very¡¡substantial¡¡share¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Allies'¡¡needs¡£¡¡Exports¡¡increased¡¡threefold£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡total¡¡trade¡¡was¡¡more¡¡than¡¡doubled¡¡as¡¡compared¡¡with¡¡the¡¡largest¡¡year¡¡before¡¡the¡¡war¡£
The¡¡financing¡¡of¡¡the¡¡war¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡industrial¡¡expansion¡¡which¡¡accompanied¡¡it¡¡was¡¡a¡¡heavy¡¡task¡£¡¡For¡¡years¡¡Canada¡¡had¡¡looked¡¡to¡¡Great¡¡Britain¡¡for¡¡a¡¡large¡¡share¡¡alike¡¡of¡¡public¡¡and¡¡of¡¡private¡¡borrowings¡£¡¡Now¡¡it¡¡became¡¡necessary¡¡not¡¡merely¡¡to¡¡find¡¡at¡¡home¡¡all¡¡the¡¡capital¡¡required¡¡for¡¡ordinary¡¡development¡¡but¡¡to¡¡meet¡¡the¡¡burden¡¡of¡¡war¡¡expenditure£»¡¡and¡¡later¡¡to¡¡advance¡¡to¡¡Great¡¡Britain¡¡the¡¡funds¡¡she¡¡required¡¡for¡¡her¡¡purchase¡¡of¡¡supplies¡¡in¡¡Canada¡£¡¡The¡¡task¡¡was¡¡made¡¡easier¡¡by¡¡the¡¡effective¡¡working¡¡of¡¡a¡¡banking¡¡system¡¡which¡¡had¡¡many¡¡times¡¡proved¡¡its¡¡soundness¡¡and¡¡its¡¡flexibility¡£¡¡When¡¡the¡¡money¡¡market¡¡of¡¡Britain¡¡was¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡open¡¡to¡¡overseas¡¡borrowers£»¡¡the¡¡Dominion¡¡first¡¡turned¡¡to¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡where¡¡several¡¡federal¡¡and¡¡provincial¡¡loans¡¡were¡¡floated£»¡¡and¡¡later¡¡to¡¡her¡¡own¡¡resources¡£¡¡Domestic¡¡loans¡¡were¡¡issued¡¡on¡¡an¡¡increasing¡¡scale¡¡and¡¡with¡¡increasing¡¡success£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Victory¡¡Loan¡¡of¡¡1918¡¡enrolled¡¡one¡¡out¡¡of¡¡every¡¡eight¡¡Canadians¡¡among¡¡its¡¡subscribers¡£¡¡Taxation¡¡reached¡¡an¡¡adequate¡¡basis¡¡more¡¡slowly¡£¡¡Inertia¡¡and¡¡the¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡business¡¡interests¡¡led¡¡the¡¡Government¡¡to¡¡cling¡¡for¡¡the¡¡first¡¡two¡¡years¡¡to¡¡customs¡¡and¡¡excise¡¡duties¡¡as¡¡its¡¡main¡¡reliance¡£¡¡Then¡¡excess¡¡profits¡¡and¡¡income¡¡taxes¡¡of¡¡steadily¡¡increasing¡¡weight¡¡were¡¡imposed£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡burdens¡¡were¡¡distributed¡¡more¡¡fairly¡£¡¡The¡¡Dominion¡¡was¡¡able¡¡not¡¡only¡¡to¡¡meet¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡expenditure¡¡of¡¡its¡¡armed¡¡forces¡¡but¡¡to¡¡reverse¡¡the¡¡relations¡¡which¡¡existed¡¡before¡¡the¡¡war¡¡and¡¡to¡¡become£»¡¡as¡¡far¡¡as¡¡current¡¡liabilities¡¡went£»¡¡a¡¡creditor¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡a¡¡debtor¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡Kingdom¡£
It¡¡was¡¡not¡¡merely¡¡the¡¡financial¡¡relations¡¡of¡¡Canada¡¡with¡¡the¡¡United¡¡Kingdom¡¡which¡¡required¡¡readjustment¡£¡¡The¡¡service¡¡and¡¡the¡¡sacrifices¡¡which¡¡the¡¡Dominions¡¡had¡¡made¡¡in¡¡the¡¡common¡¡cause¡¡rendered¡¡it¡¡imperative¡¡that¡¡the¡¡political¡¡relations¡¡between¡¡the¡¡different¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Empire¡¡should¡¡be¡¡put¡¡on¡¡a¡¡more¡¡definite¡¡and¡¡equal¡¡basis¡£¡¡The¡¡feeling¡¡was¡¡widespread¡¡that¡¡the¡¡last¡¡remnants¡¡of¡¡the¡¡old¡¡colonial¡¡subordination¡¡must¡¡be¡¡removed¡¡and¡¡that¡¡the¡¡control¡¡exercised¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Dominions¡¡should¡¡be¡¡extended¡¡over¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡field¡¡of¡¡foreign¡¡affairs¡£
The¡¡Imperial¡¡Conference¡¡met¡¡in¡¡London¡¡in¡¡the¡¡spring¡¡of¡¡1917¡£¡¡At¡¡special¡¡War¡¡Cabinet¡¡meetings¡¡the¡¡representatives¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Dominions¡¡discussed¡¡war¡¡plans¡¡and¡¡peace¡¡terms¡¡with¡¡the¡¡leaders¡¡of¡¡Britain¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡decided¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡a¡¡Conference¡¡immediately¡¡after¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡war¡¡to¡¡discuss¡¡the¡¡future¡¡constitutional¡¡organization¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Empire¡£¡¡Premier¡¡Borden¡¡and¡¡General¡¡Smuts¡¡both¡¡came¡¡out¡¡strongly¡¡against¡¡the¡¡projects¡¡of¡¡imperial¡¡parliamentary¡¡federation¡¡which¡¡aggressive¡¡organizations¡¡in¡¡Britain¡¡and¡¡in¡¡some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Dominions¡¡had¡¡been¡¡urging¡£¡¡The¡¡Conference¡¡of¡¡1917¡¡recorded¡¡its¡¡view¡¡that¡¡any¡¡coming¡¡readjustment¡¡must¡¡be¡¡based¡¡on¡¡a¡¡full¡¡recognition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Dominions¡¡as¡¡autonomous¡¡nations¡¡of¡¡an¡¡imperial¡¡commonwealth£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡should¡¡recognize¡¡the¡¡right¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Dominions¡¡and¡¡of¡¡India¡¡to¡¡an¡¡adequate¡¡voice¡¡in¡¡foreign¡¡policy£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡it¡¡should¡¡provide¡¡effective¡¡arrangements¡¡for¡¡continuous¡¡consultation¡¡in¡¡all¡¡important¡¡matters¡¡of¡¡common¡¡concern¡¡and¡¡for¡¡such¡¡concerted¡¡action¡¡as¡¡the¡¡several¡¡Governments¡¡should¡¡determine¡£¡¡The¡¡policy¡¡of¡¡allianc