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2。 Hume
B。 Scottish Philosophy
In Scotland quite another school of thought developed； and the Scotch
are the foremost of Hume's opponents； in German philosophy； on the
other hand； we have to recognize in Kant another opposing force to
that of Hume。 To the Scottish school many philosophers belong； English
philosophy is now restricted to Edinburgh and Glasgow； in which
places a number of professors belonging to this school succeeded one
another。 To the scepticism of Hume they oppose an inward
independent source of truth for all that pertains to religion and morality。
This coincides with Kant； who also maintains an inward source or
spring as against external perception； but in the case of Kant this has
quite another form than that which it possesses with the Scottish
philosophers。 To them this inward independent source is not thought or
reason as such； for the content which comes to pass from this
inwardness is concrete in its nature； and likewise demands for itself the
external matter of experience。 It consists of popular principles； which
on the one hand are opposed to the externality of the sources of
knowledge； and； on the other； to metaphysics as such； to abstract
thought or reasoning on its own account。 This sort of reasoning
understanding applied itself to ethics and to politics … sciences which
have been much developed by German； French； and above all by
Scottish philosophers （supra； p。 320）； they regarded morality as
cultured men would； and sought to bring moral duties under a principle。
Many of their works are translated into German； several of these on
ethics or morality are translated by Garve； for instance； who also
translated Cicero De Officiis； and they are written in a manner similar
to that of Cicero when he uses the expression Insitum est a natura
（Vol。 I。 p。 93）。 This moral sentiment and the ordinary human
understanding hereafter formed the common principle to a whole
succession of Scots； such as Thomas Reid； Beattie； Oswald； and
others； in this way they frequently made sagacious observations； but
with them speculative philosophy quite disappears。 One special
characteristic of these Scottish philosophers is that they have sought
accurately to define the principle of knowledge； but on the whole they
start from the same point as that which was in Germany likewise
accepted as the principle。 That is to say they represented the so…called
healthy reason； or common…sense （sensus communis）； as the ground
of truth。 The following are the principal members of this school； each of
whom has some special feature distinguishing him from the rest。
1。 Thomas Reid
2。 James Beattie
3。 James Oswald
4。 Dugald Stewart
C。 French Philosophy
1。 The Negative Aspect
2。 The Positive Aspect
a。 Materialism
b。 Robinet
3。 Idea of a Concrete Universal Unity
a。 Opposition between Sensation and Thought
b。 Montesquieu
c。 Helvetius
d。 Rousseau
D。 The German Illumination
Section Three： Recent German Philosophy
IN the philosophy of Kant； Fichte； and Schelling； the revolution to which in Germany
mind has in these latter days advanced； was formally thought out and expressed； the
sequence of these philosophies shows the course which thought has taken。 In this
great epoch of the world's history； whose inmost essence is laid hold of in the
philosophy of history； two nations only have played a part； the German and the
French； and this in spite of their absolute opposition； or rather because they are so
opposite。 The other nations have taken no real inward part in the same； although
politically they have indeed so done； both through their governments and their
people。 In Germany this principle has burst forth as thought； spirit； Notion； in France；
in the form of actuality。 In Germany； what there is of actuality comes to us as a force
of external circumstances； and as a reaction against the same。 The task of modern
German philosophy is； however； summed up in taking as its object the unity of
thought and Being； which is the fundamental idea of philosophy generally； and
comprehending it； that is； in laying hold of the inmost significance of necessity； the
Notion （supra； p。 360）。 The philosophy of Kant sets forth； in the first place； the
formal aspect of the task； but it has the abstract absoluteness of reason in
self…consciousness as its sole result； and； in one respect； it carried with it a certain
character of shallowness and want of vigour； in which an attitude of criticism and
negativity is retained； and which； as far as any positive element is concerned； adheres
to the facts of consciousness and to mere conjecture； while it renounces thought and
returns to feeling。 On the other hand； however； there sprang from this the philosophy
of Fichte； which speculatively grasps the essence of self…consciousness as concrete
egoism； but which does not reach beyond this subjective form pertaining to the
absolute。 From it again comes the philosophy of Schelling； which subsequently
rejects Fichte's teaching and sets forth the Idea of the Absolute； the truth in and for
itself。
A。 Jacobi
B。 Kant
Critique of Pure Reason
Critique of Practical Reason
Critique of Practical Judgment
C。 Fichte
1。 The First Principles of Fichte's Philosophy
2。 Fichte's System in a Re…constituted Form
3。 The More Important of the Followers of Fichte
a。 Friedrich von Schlegel
b。 Schleiermacher
c。 Novalis
d。 Fries； Bouterweck； Krug
D。 Schelling
E。 Final Result
Footnotes
1。 In the lectures of 1825…1826 and 1829…1830 Berkeley was passed over by Hegel； in both courses
Hume follows directly after the Scottish and French philosophers； and thus comes immediately before
Kant； in the course of 1825…1826 the French philosophy precedes the Scottish also。
INAUGURAL ADDRESS
Delivered at Heidelberg； on the 28th October； 1816
GENTLEMEN； — Since the History of Philosophy is to be the subject of these lectures； and
today I am making my first appearance in this University； I hope you will allow me to say what
satisfaction it gives me to take my place once more in an Academy of Learning at this particular
time。 For the period seems to have been arrived at when Philosophy may again hope to receive
some attention and love — this almost dead science may again raise its voice； and hope that the
world which had become deaf to its teaching； may once more lend it an ear。 The necessities of the
time have accorded to the petty interests of everyday life such overwhelming attention： the deep
interests of actuality and the strife respecting these have engrossed all the powers and the forces of
the mind — as also the necessary means — to so great an extent； that no place has been left to the
higher inward life； the intellectual operations of a purer sort； and the better natures have thus been
stunted in their growth； and in great measure sacrificed。 Because the spirit of the world was thus
occupied； it could not look within and withdraw into itself。 But since this stream of actuality is
checked； since the German nation has cut its way out of its most material conditions； since its
nationality； the basis of all higher life； has been saved； we may hope that； in addition to the State；
which has swallowed up all other interests in its own； the Church may now resume her high
position — that in addition to the kingdom of the world to which all thoughts and efforts have
hitherto been directed； the Kingdom of God may also be considered。 In other words； along with
the business of politics and the other interests of everyday l