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Chapter VII
From Fort Mandan to the Yellowstone
Up to this time； the expedition had passed through regions from which vague reports had been brought by the few white men who； as hunters and trappers in pursuit of fur…bearing game； had dared to venture into these trackless wildernesses。 Now they were to launch out into the mysterious unknown； from which absolutely no tidings had ever been brought by white men。 The dim reports of Indians who had hunted through some parts of the region were unreliable； and； as they afterwards proved； were often as absurdly false as if they had been fairy tales。
Here； too； they parted from some of their comrades who were to return to 〃the United States；〃 as the explorers fondly termed their native country； although the strange lands through which they were voyaging were now a part of the American Republic。 The despatches sent to Washington by these men contained the first official report from Lewis and Clark since their departure from St。 Louis； May 16； 1803； and they were the last word from the explorers until their return in September； 1806。 During all that long interval； the adventurers were not heard of in the States。 No wonder that croakers declared that the little party had been cut off to perish miserably in the pathless woods that cover the heart of the continent。
But they set out on the long journey with light hearts。 In his journal； whose spelling and punctuation are not always models for the faithful imitation of school…boys； Captain Lewis set down this observation：
〃Our vessels consisted of six small canoes； and two large perogues。 This little fleet altho' not quite so rispectable as those of Columbus or Capt。 Cook； were still viewed by us with as much pleasure as those deservedly famed adventurers ever beheld theirs； and I dare say with quite as much anxiety for their safety and preservation。 we were now about to penetrate a country at least two thousand miles in width； on which the foot of civilized man had never trodden； the good or evil it had in store for us was for experiment yet to determine； and these little vessells contained every article by which we were to expect to subsist or defend ourselves。 however as the state of mind in which we are； generally gives the colouring to events； when the immagination is suffered to wander into futurity； the picture which now presented itself to me was a most pleasing one。 entertaing as I do the most confident hope of succeeding in a voyage which had formed a darling project of mine for the last ten years； I could but esteem this moment of our departure as among the most happy of my life。〃
The barge sent down the river to St。 Louis was in command of Corporal Wharfington； and with him were six private soldiers； two French voyageurs； Joseph Gravelines （pilot and interpreter）； and Brave Raven； a Ricara （or Arikara） chief who was to be escorted to Washington to visit the President。 The party was also intrusted with sundry gifts for the President； among them being natural history specimens； living and dead； and a number of Indian articles which would be objects of curiosity in Washington。
The long voyage of the main party began on the 8th of April； 1805； early passing the mouth of the Big Knife River； one of the five considerable streams that fall into the Missouri from the westward in this region； the other streams are the Owl； the Grand； the Cannonball； and the Heart。 The large town of Stanton； Mercer County； North Dakota； is now situated at the mouth of the Big Knife。 The passage of the party up the river was slow； owing to unfavorable winds； and they observed along the banks many signs of early convulsions of nature。 The earth of the bluffs was streaked with layers of coal； or carbonized wood； and large quantities of lava and pumice…stone were strewn around； showing traces of ancient volcanic action。 The journal of April 9 says：
〃A great number of brants ＇snow…geese＇ pass up the river； some of them are perfectly white； except the large feathers of the first joint of the wing； which are black； though in every other characteristic they resemble common gray brant。 We also saw but could not procure an animal ＇gopher＇ that burrows in the ground； and is similar in every respect to the burrowing…squirrel； except that it is only one…third of its size。 This may be the animal whose works we have often seen in the plains and prairies； they resemble the labors of the salamander in the sand…hills of South Carolina and Georgia； and like him the animals rarely come above ground； they consist of a little hillock of ten or twelve pounds of loose ground； which would seem to have been reversed from a pot； though no aperture is seen through which it could have been thrown。 On removing gently the earth； you discover that the soil has been broken in a circle of about an inch and a half diameter； where the ground is looser； though still no opening is perceptible。 When we stopped for dinner the squaw ＇Sacajawea＇ went out； and after penetrating with a sharp stick the holes of the mice ＇gophers＇； near some drift…wood； brought to us a quantity of wild artichokes； which the mice collect and hoard in large numbers。 The root is white； of an ovate form； from one to three inches long； and generally of the size of a man's finger； and two； four； and sometimes six roots are attached to a single stalk。 Its flavor as well as the stalk which issues from it resemble those of the Jerusalem artichoke； except that the latter is much larger。〃
The weather rapidly grew so warm； although this was early in April； that the men worked half…naked during the day； and they were very much annoyed by clouds of mosquitoes。 They found that the hillsides and even the banks of the rivers and sand…bars were covered with 〃a white substance； which appears in considerable quantities on the surface of the earth； and tastes like a mixture of common salt with Glauber's salts。〃 〃Many of the streams；〃 the journal adds； 〃are so strongly impregnated with this substance that the water has an unpleasant taste and a purgative effect。〃 This is nothing more than the so…called alkali which has since become known all over the farthest West。 It abounds in the regions west of Salt Lake Valley； whitening vast areas like snow and poisoning the waters so that the traveller often sees the margins of the brown pools lined with skeletons and bodies of small animals whose thirst had led them to drink the deadly fluid。 Men and animals stiffer from smaller doses of this stuff； which is largely a sulphate of soda； and even in small quantities is harmful to the system。
Here； on the twelfth of April； they were able to determine the exact course of the Little Missouri； a stream about which almost nothing was then known。 Near here； too； they found the source of the Mouse River； only a few miles from the Missouri。 The river； bending to the north and then making many eccentric curves； finally empties into Lake Winnipeg； and so passes into the great chain of northern lakes in British America。 At this point the explorers saw great flocks of the wild Canada goose。 The journal says：
〃These geese； we observe； do not build their nests on the ground or in the sand…bars； but in the tops of the lofty cottonwood trees。 We saw some elk and buffalo to…day； but at too great a distance to obtain any of them； though a number of the carcasses of the latter animal are strewed along the shore； having fallen through the ice and been swept along when the river broke up。 More bald eagles are seen on this part of the Missouri than we have previously met with； the small sparrow…hawk； common in most parts of the United States； is also found here。 Great quantities of geese are feeding on the prairies； and one flock of white brant； or geese with black…tipped wings； and some gray brant with them； pass up the river； from their flight they seem to proceed much further to the northwest。 We killed two antelopes； which were very lean； and caught last night two beavers。〃
Lewis and Clark were laughed at by some very knowing people who scouted the idea that wild geese build their nests in trees。 But later travellers have confirmed their story； the wise geese avoid foxes and other of their four…footed enemies by fixing their homes in the tall cottonwoods。 In other words； they roost high。
The Assiniboins from the north had lately been on their spring hunting expeditions through this region； just above the Little Missouri；and game was scarce and shy。 The journal； under the date of April 14； says：
〃One of the hunters shot at an otter last evening； a buffalo was killed； and an elk； both so poor as to be almost unfit for use； two white ＇grizzly＇ bears were also seen； and a muskrat swimming across the river。 The river continues wide and of about the same rapidity as the ordinary current of the Ohio。 The low grounds are wide； the moister parts containing timber； the upland is extremely broken； without wood； and in some places seems as if it had slipped down in masses of several acres in surface。 The mineral appearance of salts； coal； and sulphur； with the burnt hill and pumice…stone； continue； and a bituminous water about the color of strong lye； with the taste of Glauber's salts and a slight tincture of alum。 Many geese were fe