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ss Captain Lewis and his party were frequently obliged to quit the course of the river and cross the plains and hills； but he did not lose sight of its general direction； and carefully took the bearings of the distant mountains。 On the morning of the third day he became convinced that this river pursued a course too far north for his contemplated route to the Pacific； and he accordingly determined to return； but judged it advisable to wait till noon； that he might obtain a meridian altitude。 In this； however； he was disappointed； owing to the state of the weather。 Much rain had fallen； and their return was somewhat difficult； and not unattended with danger； as the following incident； which occurred on June 7th； will show：
〃In passing along the side of a bluff at a narrow pass thirty yards in length； Captain Lewis slipped； and； but for a fortunate recovery by means of his spontoon； would have been precipitated into the river over a precipice of about ninety feet。 He had just reached a spot where； by the assistance of his spontoon； he could stand with tolerable safety； when he heard a voice behind him cry out； ‘Good God； captain； what shall I do？' He turned instantly； and found it was Windsor； who had lost his foothold about the middle of the narrow pass； and had slipped down to the very verge of the precipice； where he lay on his belly； with his right arm and leg over it； while with the other leg and arm he was with difficulty holding on； to keep himself from being dashed to pieces below。 His dreadful situation was instantly perceived by Captain Lewis； who； stifling his alarm； calmly told him that he was in no danger； that he should take his knife out of his belt with his right hand； and dig a hole in the side of the bluff to receive his right foot。 With great presence of mind he did this； and then raised himself on his knees。 Captain Lewis then told him to take off his moccasins and come forward on his hands and knees； holding the knife in one hand and his rifle in the other。 He immediately crawled in this way till he came to a secure spot。 The men who had not attempted this passage were ordered to return and wade the river at the foot of the bluff； where they found the water breast…high。 This adventure taught them the danger of crossing the slippery heights of the river； but as the plains were intersected by deep ravines； almost as difficult to pass； they continued down the river； sometimes in the mud of the low grounds； sometimes up to their arms in the water； and when it became too deep to wade； they cut footholds with their knives in the sides of the banks。 In this way they travelled through the rain； mud； and water； and having made only eighteen miles during the whole day； camped in an old Indian lodge of sticks； which afforded them a dry shelter。 Here they cooked part of six deer they had killed in the course of their walk； and having eaten the only morsel they had tasted during the whole day； slept comfortably on some willow…boughs。〃
Chapter X
To the Great Falls of the Missouri
Next day； June 8； the Lewis party returned to the main body of the expedition。 They reported that timber was scarce along the river； except in the lowlands； where there were pretty groves and thickets。 These trees； the journal says； were the haunts of innumerable birds； which； as the sun rose； sung delightfully：
〃Among these birds they distinguished the brown thrush； robin； turtle…dove； linnet； gold…finch； large and small blackbird； wren； and some others。 As they came along； the whole party were of opinion that this river was the true Missouri； but Captain Lewis； being fully persuaded that it was neither the main stream； nor that which it would be advisable to ascend； gave it the name of Maria's River。 After travelling all day they reached camp about five o'clock in the afternoon； and found Captain Clark and the party very anxious for their safety。 As they had stayed two days longer than had been expected； and as Captain Clark had returned at the appointed time； it was feared that they had met with some accident。〃
As we now know； the stream that came in from the north was that which is still called Maria's （or Marais） River； and the so…called branch from the southwest was the Missouri River。 Lewis and Clark； however； were in the dark as to the relations of the two streams。 Which was the parent？ Which was the branch？ After pondering all the evidence that could be collected to bear on the important question； the two captains agreed that the southern stream was the true Missouri； and the northern stream was an important branch。 The journal says：
〃These observations； which satisfied our minds completely； we communicated to the party； but every one of them was of a contrary opinion。 Much of their belief depended on Crusatte； an experienced waterman on the Missouri； who gave it as his decided judgment that the north fork was the genuine Missouri。 The men； therefore； mentioned that； although they would most cheerfully follow us wherever we should direct； yet they were afraid that the south fork would soon terminate in the Rocky Mountains； and leave us at a great distance from the Columbia。 In order that nothing might be omitted which could prevent our falling into an error； it was agreed that one of us should ascend the southern branch by land； until we reached either the falls or the mountains。 In the meantime； in order to lighten our burdens as much as possible； we determined to deposit here one of the pirogues； and all the heavy baggage which we could possibly spare； as well as some provision； salt； powder； and tools。 This would at once lighten the other boats； and give them the crew which had been employed on board the pirogue。〃
On the tenth of June； the weather being fair and pleasant； they dried all their baggage and merchandise and secreted them in places of deposits； called caches； as follows：
〃These depositsor caches； as they are called by the Missouri tradersare very common； particularly among those who deal with the Sioux； as the skins and merchandise will keep perfectly sound for years； and are protected from robbery。 Our cache was built in the usual manner。 In the high plain on the north side of the Missouri； and forty yards from a steep bluff； we chose a dry situation； and then； describing a small circle of about twenty inches diameter； removed the sod as gently and carefully as possible： the hole was then sunk perpendicularly for a foot deep。 It was now worked gradually wider as it descended； till at length it became six or seven feet deep； shaped nearly like a kettle； or the lower part of a large still with the bottom somewhat sunk at the centre。 As the earth was dug it was handed up in a vessel； and carefully laid on a skin or cloth； in which it was carried away and thrown into the river； so as to leave no trace of it。 A floor of three or four inches in thickness was then made of dry sticks； on which was placed a hide perfectly dry。 The goods； being well aired and dried； were laid on this floor； and prevented from touching the wall by other dried sticks； as the merchandise was stowed away。 When the hole was nearly full； a skin was laid over the goods； and on this earth was thrown and beaten down； until； with the addition of the sod first removed； the whole was on a level with the ground； and there remained not the slightest appearance of an excavation。 In addition to this； we made another of smaller dimensions； in which we placed all the baggage； some powder； and our blacksmith's tools； having previously repaired such of the tools as we carry with us that require mending。 To guard against accident； we had two parcelss of lead and powder in the two places。 The red pirogue was drawn up on the middle of a small island； at the entrance of Maria's River； and secured； by being fastened to the trees； from the effects of any floods。 We now took another observation of the meridian altitude of the sun； and found that the mean latitude of Maria's River； as deduced from three observations； is 49'0 25' 17。2〃 N。〃
In order to make assurance doubly sure； Captain Lewis resolved to take four men with him and ascend the south branch （that is； the true Missouri）； before committing the expedition to that route as the final one。 His proposition was that his party should proceed up the river as rapidly as possible in advance of the main party。 On the second day out； says the journal：
〃Captain Lewis left the bank of the river in order to avoid the steep ravines； which generally run from the shore to the distance of one or two miles in the plain。 Having reached the open country he went for twelve miles in a course a little to the W。 of S。W。； when； the sun becoming warm by nine o'clock； he returned to the river in quest of water； and to kill something for breakfast； there being no water in the plain； and the buffalo； discovering them before they came within gunshot； took to flight。 They reached the banks in a handsome open low ground with cottonwood； after three miles' walk。 Here they saw two large brown bears； and killed them both at the first firea circumstance which has never before occurred since we have seen that animal。 Having made a meal of a part； and hung the remainder on a tree； with a note for Captain Clark；