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s on boards； which were then covered with a mat。 This was the part destined for those who had recently died； a little further on； bones half decayed were scattered about； and in the centre of the building was a large pile of them heaped promiscuously on each other。 At the eastern extremity was a mat； on which twenty…one skulls were placed in a circular form； the mode of interment being first to wrap the body in robes； then as it decays to throw the bones into the heap； and place the skulls together。 From the different boards and pieces of canoes which form the vault were suspended； on the inside； fishing…nets； baskets； wooden bowls； robes； skins； trenchers； and trinkets of various kinds； obviously intended as offerings of affection to deceased relatives。 On the outside of the vault were the skeletons of several horses； and great quantities of their bones were in the neighborhood； which induced us to believe that these animals were most probably sacrificed at the funeral rites of their masters。〃
Just below this stand the party met Indians who traded with tribes living near the great falls of the Columbia。 That place they designated as 〃Tum…tum；〃 a word that signifies the throbbing of the heart。 One of these Indians had a sailor's jacket； and others had a blue blanket and a scarlet blanket。 These articles had found their way up the river from white traders on the seashore。
On the twenty…first of October the explorers discovered a considerable stream which appeared to rise in the southeast and empty into the Columbia on the left。 To this stream they gave the name of Lepage for Bastien Lepage； one of the voyageurs accompanying the party。 The watercourse； however； is now known as John Day's River。 John Day was a mighty hunter and backwoodsman from Kentucky who went across the continent； six years later； with a party bound for Astoria； on the Columbia。 From the rapids below the John Day River the Lewis and Clark party caught their first sight of Mount Hood； a famous peak of the Cascade range of mountains； looming up in the southwest； eleven thousand two hundred and twenty…five feet high。 Next day they passed the mouth of another river entering the Columbia from the south and called by the Indians the Towahnahiooks； but known to modern geography as the Des Chutes； one of the largest southern tributaries of the Columbia。 Five miles below the mouth of this stream the party camped。 Near them was a party of Indians engaged in drying and packing salmon。 Their method of doing this is thus described：
〃The manner of doing this is by first opening the fish and exposing it to the sun on scaffolds。 When it is sufficiently dried it is pounded between two stones till it is pulverized； and is then placed in a basket about two feet long and one in diameter； neatly made of grass and rushes； and lined with the skin of a salmon stretched and dried for the purpose。 Here the fish are pressed down as hard as possible； and the top is covered with fish…skins； which are secured by cords through the holes of the basket。 These baskets are then placed in some dry situation； the corded part upward； seven being usually placed as close as they can be put together； and five on the top of these。 The whole is then wrapped up in mats； and made fast by cords； over which mats are again thrown。 Twelve of these baskets； each of which contains from ninety to one hundred pounds； form a stack； which is left exposed till it is sent to market。 The fish thus preserved keep sound and sweet for several years； and great quantities； they inform us； are sent to the Indians who live below the falls； whence it finds its way to the whites who visit the mouth of the Columbia。 We observe； both near the lodges and on the rocks in the river； great numbers of stacks of these pounded fish。 Besides fish； these people supplied us with filberts and berries； and we purchased a dog for supper； but it was with much difficulty that we were able to buy wood enough to cook it。〃
On the twenty…third the voyagers made the descent of the great falls which had so long been an object of dread to them。 The whole height of the falls is thirty…seven feet； eight inches； in a distance of twelve hundred yards。 A portage of four hundred and fifty yards was made around the first fall； which is twenty feet high； and perpendicular。 By means of lines the canoes were let down the rapids below。 At the season of high water the falls become mere rapids up which the salmon can pass。 On this point the journal says：
〃From the marks everywhere perceivable at the falls； it is obvious that in high floods； which must be in the spring； the water below the falls rises nearly to a level with that above them。 Of this rise； which is occasioned by some obstructions which we do not as yet know； the salmon must avail themselves to pass up the river in such multitudes that this fish is almost the only one caught in great abundance above the falls； but below that place we observe the salmon…trout； and the heads of a species of trout smaller than the salmon…trout； which is in great quantities； and which they are now burying； to be used as their winter food。 A hole of any size being dug； the sides and bottom are lined with straw； over which skins are laid； on these the fish； after being well dried； are laid； covered with other skins； and the hole is closed with a layer of earth twelve or fifteen inches deep。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。
We saw no game except a sea…otter； which was shot in the narrow channel as we were coming down； but we could not get it。 Having； therefore； scarcely any provisions； we purchased eight small fat dogs： a food to which we were compelled to have recourse； as the Indians were very unwilling to sell us any of their good fish； which they reserved for the market below。 Fortunately； however； habit had completely overcome the repugnance which we felt at first at eating this animal； and the dog； if not a favorite dish； was always an acceptable one。 The meridian altitude of to…day gave 45'0 42' 57。3〃 north as the latitude of our camp。
〃On the beach； near the Indian huts； we observed two canoes of a different shape and size from any which we had hitherto seen。 One of these we got by giving our smallest canoe a hatchet； and a few trinkets to the owner； who said he had obtained it from a white man below the falls in exchange for a horse。 These canoes were very beautifully made： wide in the middle； and tapering towards each end； with curious figures carved on the bow。 They were thin； but； being strengthened by crossbars about an inch in diameter； tied with strong pieces of bark through holes in the sides； were able to bear very heavy burdens； and seemed calculated to live in the roughest water。〃
At this point the officers of the expedition observed signs of uneasiness in the two friendly Indian chiefs who had thus far accompanied them。 They also heard rumors that the warlike Indians below them were meditating an attack as the party went down。 The journal says：
〃Being at all times ready for any attempt of that sort； we were not under greater apprehensions than usual at this intelligence。 We therefore only re…examined our arms； and increased the ammunition to one hundred rounds。 Our chiefs； who had not the same motives of confidence； were by no means so much at their ease； and when at night they saw the Indians leave us earlier than usual； their suspicions of an intended attack were confirmed； and they were very much alarmed。
〃The Indians approached us with apparent caution； and behaved with more than usual reserve。 Our two chiefs； by whom these circumstances were not observed； now told us that they wished to return home； that they could be no longer of any service to us； that they could not understand the language of the people below the falls； that those people formed a different nation from their own； that the two people had been at war with each other； and that as the Indians had expressed a resolution to attack us； they would certainly kill them。 We endeavored to quiet their fears； and requested them to stay two nights longer； in which time we would see the Indians below； and make a peace between the two nations。 They replied that they were anxious to return and see their horses。 We however insisted on their remaining with us； not only in hopes of bringing about an accommodation between them and their enemies； but because they might be able to detect any hostile designs against us； and also assist us in passing the next falls； which are not far off； and represented as very difficult。 They at length agreed to stay with us two nights longer。〃
The explorers now arrived at the next fall of the Columbia。 Here was a quiet basin； on the margin of which were three Indian huts。 The journal tells the rest of the story：
〃At the extremity of this basin stood a high black rock； which； rising perpendicularly from the right shore； seemed to run wholly across the river： so totally； indeed； did it appear to stop the passage； that we could not see where the water escaped； except that the current was seemingly drawn with more than usual velocity to the left of the rock； where was heard a great roaring。 We landed at the huts of the Indians； who went with us to the top of the rock； from which we had a vi