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urpose of trading with the natives。 From one of these Captain Hill secured the paper； which he took to Canton； China； in January； 1807。 Thence it was sent to a gentleman in Philadelphia； having travelled nearly all the way round the world。
Fort Clatsop； as they called the rude collection of huts in which they had burrowed all winter； with its rude furniture and shelters； was formally given to Comowool； the Clatsop chief who had been so kind to the party。 Doubtless the crafty savage had had his eye on this establishment； knowing that it was to be abandoned in the spring。
The voyagers left Fort Clatsop about one o'clock in the day； and； after making sixteen miles up the river； camped for the night。 Next day； they reached an Indian village where they purchased 〃some wappatoo and a dog for the invalids。〃 They still had several men on the sick list in consequence of the hard fare of the winter。 The weather was cold and wet； and wood for fuel was difficult to obtain。 In a few days they found themselves among their old friends； the Skilloots； who had lately been at war with the Chinooks。 There was no direct intercourse between the two nations as yet； but the Chinooks traded with the Clatsops and Wahkiacums； and these in turn traded with the Skilloots； and in this way the two hostile tribes exchanged the articles which they had for those which they desired。 The journal has this to say about the game of an island on which the explorers tarried for a day or two； in order to dry their goods and mend their canoes：
〃This island； which has received from the Indians the appropriate name of Elalah ＇Elallah＇； or Deer Island； is surrounded on the water…side by an abundant growth of cottonwood； ash； and willow； while the interior consists chiefly of prairies interspersed with ponds。 These afford refuge to great numbers of geese； ducks； large swan； sandhill cranes； a few canvas…backed ducks； and particularly the duckinmallard； the most abundant of all。 There are also great numbers of snakes resembling our garter…snakes in appearance； and like them not poisonous。 Our hunters brought in three deer； a goose； some ducks； an eagle； and a tiger…cat。 Such is the extreme voracity of the vultures； that they had devoured in the space of a few hours four of the deer killed this morning； and one of our men declared that they had besides dragged a large buck about thirty yards； skinned it； and broken the backbone。〃
The vulture here referred to is better known as the California condor； a great bird of prey which is now so nearly extinct that few specimens are ever seen； and the eggs command a great price from those who make collections of such objects。 A condor killed by one of the hunters of the Lewis and Clark expedition measured nine feet and six inches from tip to tip of its wings； three feet and ten inches from the point of the bill to the end of the tail； and six inches and a half from the back of the head to the tip of the beak。 Very few of the condors of the Andes are much larger than this； though one measuring eleven feet from tip to tip has been reported。
While camped at Quicksand； or Sandy River； the party learned that food supplies up the Columbia were scarce。 The journal says that the Indians met here were descending the river in search of food。 It adds：
〃They told us； that they lived at the Great Rapids； but that the scarcity of provisions there had induced them to come down； in the hopes of finding subsistence in the more fertile valley。 All the people living at the Rapids； as well as the nations above them； were in much distress for want of food； having consumed their winter store of dried fish； and not expecting the return of the salmon before the next full moon； which would be on the second of May： this information was not a little embarrassing。 From the Falls to the Chopunnish nation； the plains afforded neither deer； elk； nor antelope for our subsistence。 The horses were very poor at this season； and the dogs must be in the same condition； if their food； the dried fish； had failed。 Still； it was obviously inexpedient for us to wait for the return of the salmon； since in that case we might not reach the Missouri before the ice would prevent our navigating it。 We might； besides； hazard the loss of our horses； as the Chopunnish； with whom we had left them； would cross the mountains as early as possible； or about the beginning of May； and take our horses with them； or suffer them to disperse； in either of which cases the passage of the mountains will be almost impracticable。 We therefore； after much deliberation； decided to remain where we were till we could collect meat enough to last us till we should reach the Chopunnish nation； and to obtain canoes from the natives as we ascended； either in exchange for our pirogues； or by purchasing them with skins and merchandise。 These canoes； again； we might exchange for horses with the natives of the plains； till we should obtain enough to travel altogether by land。 On reaching the southeast branch of the Columbia； four or five men could be sent on to the Chopunnish to have our horses in readiness； and thus we should have a stock of horses sufficient both to transport our baggage and supply us with food； as we now perceived that they would form our only certain dependance for subsistence。〃
On the third of April this entry is made：
〃A considerable number of Indians crowded about us to…day； many of whom came from the upper part of the river。 These poor wretches confirm the reports of scarcity among the nations above； which； indeed； their appearance sufficiently proved； for they seemed almost starved； and greedily picked the bones and refuse meat thrown away by us。
〃In the evening Captain Clark returned from an excursion。 On setting out yesterday at half…past eleven o'clock； he directed his course along the south side of the ＇Columbia＇ river； where； at the distance of eight miles； he passed a village of the Nechacohee tribe； belonging to the Eloot nation。 The village itself is small； and being situated behind Diamond Island； was concealed from our view as we passed both times along the northern shore。 He continued till three o'clock； when he landed at the single house already mentioned as the only remains of a village of twenty…four straw huts。 Along the shore were great numbers of small canoes for gathering wappatoo； which were left by the Shahalas； who visit the place annually。 The present inhabitants of the house are part of the Neerchokioo tribe of the same ＇Shahala＇ nation。 On entering one of the apartments of the house； Captain Clark offered several articles to the Indians in exchange for wappatoo； but they appeared sullen and ill…humored； and refused to give him any。 He therefore sat down by the fire opposite the men； and taking a port…fire match from his pocket； threw a small piece of it into the flame； at the same time he took his pocket…compass； and by means of a magnet； which happened to be in his inkhorn； made the needle turn round very briskly。 The match now took fire and burned violently； on which the Indians； terrified at this strange exhibition； immediately brought a quantity of wappatoo and laid it at his feet； begging him to put out the bad fire； while an old woman continued to speak with great vehemence； as if praying and imploring protection。 Having received the roots； Captain Clark put up the compass； and as the match went out of itself tranquillity was restored； though the women and children still took refuge in their beds and behind the men。 He now paid them for what he had used； and after lighting his pipe and smoking with them； continued down the river。〃
The excursion from which Captain Clark had returned； as noted in this extract； was up the Multnomah River。 As we have already seen； the explorers missed that stream when they came down the Columbia； and they had now passed it again unnoticed； owing to the number of straggling islands that hide its junction with the Columbia。 Convinced that a considerable river must drain the region to the south； Captain Clark went back alone and penetrating the intricate channels among the islands； found the mouth of the Multnomah； now better known as the Willamette。 He was surprised to find that the depth of water in the river was so great that large vessels might enter it。 He would have been much more surprised if he had been told that a large city； the largest in Oregon； would some day be built on the site of the Indian huts which he saw。 Here Captain Clark found a house occupied by several families of the Neechecolee nation。 Their mansion was two hundred and twenty…six feet long and was divided into apartments thirty feet square。
The most important point in this region of the Columbia was named Wappatoo Island by the explorers。 This is a large extent of country lying between the Willamette and an arm of the Columbia which they called Wappatoo Inlet； but which is now known as Willamette Slough。 It is twenty miles long and from five to ten miles wide。 Here is an interesting description of the manner of gathering the roots of the wappatoo； of which we have heard so much in this region of country：
〃The chief wealth of this island consists of the numerous ponds in the interior； abounding with the common