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west； the shadow of the vihara of the World… honoured one fell on the
devalaya of a contrary system； but when the sun was in the east； the
shadow of that devalaya was diverted to the north； and never fell on the
vihara of Buddha。 The mal…believers regularly employed men to watch
their devalaya； to sweep and water （all about it）； to burn incense； light the
lamps； and present offerings； but in the morning the lamps were found to
have been suddenly removed； and in the vihara of Buddha。 The Brahmans
were indignant； and said； 〃Those Sramanas take out lamps and use them
for their own service of Buddha； but we will not stop our service for
you！〃＇19＇ On that night the Brahmans themselves kept watch； when they
saw the deva spirits which they served take the lamps and go three times
round the vihara of Buddha and present offerings。 After this ministration
to Buddha they suddenly disappeared。 The Brahmans thereupon knowing
how great was the spiritual power of Buddha； forthwith left their families；
and became monks。＇20＇ It has been handed down； that； near the time when
these things occurred； around the Jetavana vihara there were ninety…eight
monasteries； in all of which there were monks residing； excepting only in
one place which was vacant。 In this Middle Kingdom＇21＇ there are ninety…
six＇21＇ sorts of views； erroneous and different from our system； all of
which recognise this world and the future world＇22＇ （and the connexion
between them）。 Each had its multitude of followers； and they all beg their
food： only they do not carry the alms…bowl。 They also； moreover； seek （to
acquire） the blessing （of good deeds） on unfrequented ways； setting up on
the road…side houses of charity； where rooms； couches； beds； and food and
drink are supplied to travellers； and also to monks； coming and going as
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guests； the only difference being in the time （for which those parties
remain）。
There are also companies of the followers of Devadatta still existing。
They regularly make offerings to the three previous Buddhas； but not to
Sakyamuni Buddha。
Four le south…east from the city of Sravasti； a tope has been erected at
the place where the World…honoured one encountered king Virudhaha；＇23＇
when he wished to attack the kingdom of Shay…e；＇23＇ and took his stand
before him at the side of the road。＇24＇
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NOTES
＇1＇ In Singhalese； Sewet； here evidently the capital of Kosala。 It is
placed by Cunningham （Archaeological Survey） on the south bank of the
Rapti； about fifty…eight miles north of Ayodya or Oude。 There are still the
ruins of a great town； the name being Sahet Mahat。 It was in this town； or
in its neighbourhood； that Sakyamuni spent many years of his life after he
became Buddha。
＇2＇ There were two Indian kingdoms of this name； a southern and a
northern。 This was the northern； a part of the present Oudh。
＇3＇ In Singhalese； Pase…nadi； meaning 〃leader of the victorious army。〃
He was one of the earliest converts and chief patrons of Sakyamuni。 Eitel
calls him （p。 95） one of the originators of Buddhist idolatory； because of
the statue which is mentioned in this chapter。 See Hardy's M。 B。； pp。 283；
284； et al。
＇4＇ Explained by 〃Path of Love；〃 and 〃Lord of Life。〃 Prajapati was
aunt and nurse of Sakyamuni； the first woman admitted to the monkhood；
and the first superior of the first Buddhistic convent。 She is yet to become
a Buddha。
＇5＇ Sudatta； meaning 〃almsgiver；〃 was the original name of Anatha…
pindika （or Pindada）； a wealthy householder； or Vaisya head； of Sravasti；
famous for his liberality （Hardy； Anepidu）。 Of his old house； only the well
and walls remained at the time of Fa…hien's visit to Sravasti。
＇6＇ The Angulimalya were a sect or set of Sivaitic fanatics； who made
assassination a religious act。 The one of them here mentioned had joined
them by the force of circumstances。 Being converted by Buddha； he
became a monk； but when it is said in the text that he 〃got the Tao；〃 or
doctrine； I think that expression implies more than his conversion； and is
equivalent to his becoming an Arhat。 His name in Pali is Angulimala。 That
he did become an Arhat is clear from his autobiographical poem in the
〃Songs of the Theras。〃
＇7＇ Eitel （p。 37） says：〃A noted vihara in the suburbs of Sravasti；
erected in a park which Anatha…pindika bought of prince Jeta； the son of
Prasenajit。 Sakyamuni made this place his favourite residence for many
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years。 Most of the Sutras （authentic and supposititious） date from this
spot。〃
＇8＇ See chapter xvii。
＇9＇ See chapter xiii。
＇10＇ Arya； meaning 〃honourable；〃 〃venerable；〃 is a title given only to
those who have mastered the four spiritual truths：（1） that 〃misery〃 is a
necessary condition of all sentient existence； this is duhkha： （2） that the
〃accumulation〃 of misery is caused by the passions； this is samudaya： （3）
that the 〃extinction〃 of passion is possible； this is nirodha： and （4） that the
〃path〃 leads to the extinction of passion； which is marga。 According to
their attainment of these truths； the Aryas； or followers of Buddha； are
distinguished into four classes； Srotapannas； Sakridagamins； Anagamins；
and Arhats。 E。 H。； p。 14。
＇11＇ This is the first time that Fa…hien employs the name Ho…shang ｛。｝
｛。｝； which is now popularly used in China for all Buddhist monks without
distinction of rank or office。 It is the representative of the Sanskrit term
Upadhyaya； 〃explained；〃 says Eitel （p。 155） by 〃a self…taught teacher；〃 or
by 〃he who knows what is sinful and what is not sinful；〃 with the note； 〃In
India the vernacular of this term is ｛。｝ ｛。｝ （？ munshee ＇？ Bronze＇）； in
Kustana and Kashgar they say ｛。｝ ｛。｝ （hwa…shay）； and from the latter term
are derived the Chinese synonyms； ｛。｝ ｛。｝ （ho…shay） and ｛。｝ ｛。｝ （ho…
shang）。〃 The Indian term was originally a designation for those who teach
only a part of the Vedas； the Vedangas。 Adopted by Buddhists of Central
Asia； it was made to signify the priests of the older ritual； in distinction
from the Lamas。 In China it has been used first as a synonym for ｛。｝ ｛。｝；
monks engaged in popular teaching （teachers of the Law）； in distinction
from ｛。｝ ｛。｝； disciplinists； and ｛。｝ ｛。｝； contemplative philosophers
（meditationists）； then it was used to designate the abbots of monasteries。
But it is now popularly applied to all Buddhist monks。 In the text there
seems to be implied some distinction between the 〃teachers〃 and the 〃ho…
shang；〃probably； the Pali Akariya and Upagghaya； see Sacred Books of
the East； vol。 xiii； Vinaya Texts； pp。 178； 179。
＇12＇ It might be added； 〃as depending on it；〃 in order to bring out the
full meaning of the ｛。｝ in the text。 If I recollect aright； the help of the
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police had to be called in at Hong Kong in its early years； to keep the
approaches to the Cathedral free from the number of beggars； who
squatted down there during service； hoping that the hearers would come
out with softened hearts； and disposed to be charitable。 I found the popular
tutelary temples in Peking and other places； and the path up Mount T'ai in
Shan…lung similarly frequented。
＇13＇ The wife of Anatha…pindika； and who became 〃mother superior〃
of many nunneries。 See her history in M。 B。； pp。 220…227。 I am surprised it
does not end with the statement that she is to become a Buddha。
＇14＇ See E。 H。； p。 136。 Hsuan…chwang does not give the name of this
murderer； see in Julien's 〃Vie et Voyages de Hiouen…thsang；〃 p。 125； 〃a
heretical Brahman killed a woman and calumniated Buddha。〃 See also the
fuller account in Beal's 〃Records of Western Countries；〃 pp。 7； 8； where
the murder is committed by several Brahmacharins。 In this passage Beal
makes Sundari to be the