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ce of the Mongol invasion in 1281 had enabled us to carry on the Sung movement so disastrously cut off in China itself through the nomadic inroad。 Tea with us became more than an idealisation of the form of drinking； it is a religion of the art of life。 The beverage grew to be an excuse for the worship of purity and refinement； a sacred function at which the host and guest joined to produce for that occasion the utmost beatitude of the mundane。 The tea…room was an oasis in the dreary waste of existence where weary travellers could meet to drink from the common spring of art… appreciation。 The ceremony was an improvised drama whose plot was woven about the tea； the flowers； and the paintings。 Not a colour to disturb the tone of the room； not a sound to mar the rhythm of things； not a gesture to obtrude on the harmony； not a word to break the unity of the surroundings； all movements to be performed simply and naturallysuch were the aims of the tea… ceremony。 And strangely enough it was often successful。 A subtle philosophy lay behind it all。 Teaism was Taoism in disguise。
III。 Taoism and Zennism
The connection of Zennism with tea is proverbial。 We have already remarked that the tea…ceremony was a development of the Zen ritual。 The name of Laotse； the founder of Taoism； is also intimately associated with the history of tea。 It is written in the Chinese school manual concerning the origin of habits and customs that the ceremony of offering tea to a guest began with Kwanyin； a well…known disciple of Laotse； who first at the gate of the Han Pass presented to the 〃Old Philosopher〃 a cup of the golden elixir。 We shall not stop to discuss the authenticity of such tales； which are valuable； however； as confirming the early use of the beverage by the Taoists。 Our interest in Taoism and Zennism here lies mainly in those ideas regarding life and art which are so embodied in what we call Teaism。
It is to be regretted that as yet there appears to be no adequate presentation of the Taoists and Zen doctrines in any foreign language； though we have had several laudable attempts。
Translation is always a treason； and as a Ming author observes； can at its best be only the reverse side of a brocade；all the threads are there； but not the subtlety of colour or design。 But； after all； what great doctrine is there which is easy to expound？ The ancient sages never put their teachings in systematic form。 They spoke in paradoxes； for they were afraid of uttering half…truths。 They began by talking like fools and ended by making their hearers wise。 Laotse himself； with his quaint humour； says； 〃If people of inferior intelligence hear of the Tao； they laugh immensely。 It would not be the Tao unless they laughed at it。〃
The Tao literally means a Path。 It has been severally translated as the Way； the Absolute； the Law； Nature； Supreme Reason； the Mode。 These renderings are not incorrect； for the use of the term by the Taoists differs according to the subject…matter of the inquiry。 Laotse himself spoke of it thus： 〃There is a thing which is all…containing； which was born before the existence of Heaven and Earth。 How silent！ How solitary！ It stands alone and changes not。 It revolves without danger to itself and is the mother of the universe。 I do not know its name and so call it the Path。 With reluctance I call it the Infinite。 Infinity is the Fleeting； the Fleeting is the Vanishing； the Vanishing is the Reverting。〃 The Tao is in the Passage rather than the Path。 It is the spirit of Cosmic Change；the eternal growth which returns upon itself to produce new forms。 It recoils upon itself like the dragon； the beloved symbol of the Taoists。 It folds and unfolds as do the clouds。 The Tao might be spoken of as the Great Transition。 Subjectively it is the Mood of the Universe。 Its Absolute is the Relative。
It should be remembered in the first place that Taoism； like its legitimate successor Zennism； represents the individualistic trend of the Southern Chinese mind in contra…distinction to the communism of Northern China which expressed itself in Confucianism。 The Middle Kingdom is as vast as Europe and has a differentiation of idiosyncrasies marked by the two great river systems which traverse it。 The Yangste…Kiang and Hoang… Ho are respectively the Mediterranean and the Baltic。 Even to…day； in spite of centuries of unification； the Southern Celestial differs in his thoughts and beliefs from his Northern brother as a member of the Latin race differs from the Teuton。 In ancient days； when communication was even more difficult than at present； and especially during the feudal period； this difference in thought was most pronounced。 The art and poetry of the one breathes an atmosphere entirely distinct from that of the other。 In Laotse and his followers and in Kutsugen； the forerunner of the Yangtse…Kiang nature…poets； we find an idealism quite inconsistent with the prosaic ethical notions of their contemporary northern writers。 Laotse lived five centuries before the Christian Era。
The germ of Taoist speculation may be found long before the advent of Laotse； surnamed the Long…Eared。 The archaic records of China； especially the Book of Changes； foreshadow his thought。 But the great respect paid to the laws and customs of that classic period of Chinese civilisation which culminated with the establishment of the Chow dynasty in the sixteenth century B。C。； kept the development of individualism in check for a long while； so that it was not until after the disintegration of the Chow dynasty and the establishment of innumerable independent kingdoms that it was able to blossom forth in the luxuriance of free…thought。 Laotse and Soshi （Chuangtse） were both Southerners and the greatest exponents of the New School。 On the other hand； Confucius with his numerous disciples aimed at retaining ancestral conventions。 Taoism cannot be understood without some knowledge of Confucianism and vice versa。
We have said that the Taoist Absolute was the Relative。 In ethics the Taoist railed at the laws and the moral codes of society； for to them right and wrong were but relative terms。 Definition is always limitationthe 〃fixed〃 and 〃unchangeless〃 are but terms expressive of a stoppage of growth。 Said Kuzugen；〃The Sages move the world。〃 Our standards of morality are begotten of the past needs of society； but is society to remain always the same？ The observance of communal traditions involves a constant sacrifice of the individual to the state。 Education； in order to keep up the mighty delusion； encourages a species of ignorance。 People are not taught to be really virtuous； but to behave properly。 We are wicked because we are frightfully self…conscious。 We nurse a conscience because we are afraid to tell the truth to others； we take refuge in pride because we are afraid to tell the truth to ourselves。 How can one be serious with the world when the world itself is so ridiculous！ The spirit of barter is everywhere。 Honour and Chastity！ Behold the complacent salesman retailing the Good and True。 One can even buy a so…called Religion； which is really but common morality sanctified with flowers and music。 Rob the Church of her accessories and what remains behind？ Yet the trusts thrive marvelously； for the prices are absurdly cheap； a prayer for a ticket to heaven； a diploma for an honourable citizenship。 Hide yourself under a bushel quickly； for if your real usefulness were known to the world you would soon be knocked down to the highest bidder by the public auctioneer。 Why do men and women like to advertise themselves so much？ Is it not but an instinct derived from the days of slavery？
The virility of the idea lies not less in its power of breaking through contemporary thought than in its capacity for dominating subsequent movements。 Taoism was an active power during the Shin dynasty； that epoch of Chinese unification from which we derive the name China。 It would be interesting had we time to note its influence on contemporary thinkers； the mathemeticians； writers on law and war； the mystics and alchemists and the later nature…poets of the Yangste…Kiang。 We should not even ignore those speculators on Reality who doubted whether a white horse was real because he was white； or because he was solid； nor the Conversationalists of the Six dynasties who； like the Zen philosophers； revelled in discussions concerning the Pure and the Abstract。 Above all we should pay homage to Taoism for what it has done toward the formation of the Celestial character； giving to it a certain capacity for reserve and refinement as 〃warm as jade。〃 Chinese history is full of instances in which the votaries of Taoism； princes and hermits alike； followed with varied and interesting results the teachings of their creed。 The tale will not be without its quota of instruction and amusement。 It will be rich in anecdotes； allegories； and aphorisms。 We would fain be on speaking terms with the delightful emperor who never died because he had never lived。 We may ride the wind with Liehtse and find it absolutely quiet because we ourselves are the wind； or dwell in mid…air with the Aged one of the Hoang…Ho； who lived betwixt Heaven and E