按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
de as invincible as axioms； what we do not succeed in understanding is that the horse at once understands what we want of him； it is that first step； the first tremor of an unexpected intelligence； which suddenly reveals itself as human。 At what precise second did the light appear and was the veil rent under？ It is impossible to say； but it is certain that； at a given moment； without any visible sign to reveal the prodigious inner transformation； the horse acts and replies as though he suddenly understood the speech of man。 What is it that sets the miracle working？ We know that； after a time； the horse associates certain words with certain objects that interest him or with three or four events whose infinite repetition forms the humble tissue of his daily life。 This is only a sort of mechanical memory which has nothing in common with the most elementary intelligence。 But behold； one fine day； without any perceptible transition； he seems to know the meaning of a host of words which possess no interest for him； which represent to him no picture； no memory； which he has never had occasion to connect with any sensation； agreeable or disagreeable。 He handles figures； which even to man are nothing but obscure and abstract ideas。 He solves problems that cannot possibly be made objective or concrete。 He reproduces letters which； from his point of view； correspond with nothing actual。 He fixes his attention and makes observations on things or circumstances which in no way affect him； which remain and always will remain alien and indifferent to him。 In a word； he steps out of the narrow ring in which he was made to turn by hunger and fearwhich have been described as the two great moving powers of all that is not humanto enter the immense circle in which sensations go on being shed till ideas come into view。
22
Is it possible to believe that the horses really do what they appear to do？ Is there no precedent for the marvel？ Is there no transition between the Elberfeld stallions and the horses which we have known until this day？ It is not easy to answer these questions； for it is only since yesterday that the intellectual powers of our defenseless brothers have been subjected to strictly scientific experiments。 We have； it is true more than one collection of anecdotes in which the intelligence of animals is lauded to the skies； but we cannot rely upon these ill…authenticated stories。 To find genuine and incontestable instances we must have recourse to the works； rare as yet； of scientific men who have made a special study of the subject。 M。 Hachet…Souplet； for example； the director of the Institut de Psychologie Zoologique； mentions the case of a dog who learnt to acquire an abstract idea of weight。 You put in front of him eight rounded and polished stones； all of exactly the same size and shape； but of different weights。 You tell him to fetch the heaviest or the lightest； he judges their weight by lifting them and； without mistake； picks out the one required。
The same writer also tells the story of a parrot to whom he had taught the word 〃cupboard〃 by showing him a little box that could be hung up on the wall at different heights and in which his daily allowance of food was always ostentatiously put away；
〃I next taught him the names of a number of objects；〃 says M。 Hachet…Souplet； 〃by holding them out to him。 Among them was a ladder； and I prevailed upon the bird to say； 'Climb；' each time that he saw me mount the steps。 One morning； when the parrot's cage was brought into the laboratory； the cupboard was hanging near the ceiling； while the little ladder was stowed away in a corner among other objects familiar to the bird。 Now the parrot； every day； when I opened the cupboard； used to scream； 'Cupboard！ Cupboard！ Cupboard！' with all his might。 My problem was； therefore； this： seeing that the cupboard was out of my reach and that； therefore； I could not take his food out of it； knowing； on the other hand； that I was able to raise myself above the level of the floor by climbing the ladder； and having the words 'climb' and 'ladder' at his disposal： would he employ them to suggest to me the idea of using them in order to reach the cupboard？ Greatly excited； the parrot flapped his wings； bit the bars of his cage； and screamed：
〃'Cupboard！ Cupboard！ Cupboard！'〃
〃And I got no more out of him that day。 The next day； the bird； having received nothing but millet； for which he did not much care； instead of the hemp…seed contained in the cupboard； was in paroxysms of anger； and； after he had made numberless attempts to force open his bars； his attention was at last caught by the ladder and he said：
〃'Ladder； climb； cupboard！'〃
We have here； as the author remarks； a marvellous intellectual effort。 There is an evident association of ideas； cause is linked with effect； and examples such as this lesson appreciably the distance separating our learned horses from their less celebrated brethren。 We must admit； however； that this intellectual effort； if we observe； animals a little carefully； is much less uncommon than we think。 It surprises us in this case because a special and； when all is said； purely mechanical arrangement of the parrot's organ gives him a human voice。 At every moment； I find in my own dog associations of ideas no less evident and often more complex。 For instance； if he is thirsty； he seeks my eyes and next looks at the tap in the dressing…room； thus showing that he very plainly connects the notions of thirst； running water and human intervention。 When I dress to go out； he evidently watches all my movements。 While I am lacing my boots； he conscientiously licks my hands； in order that my divinity may be good to him and especially to congratulate me on my capital idea of going out for a constitutional。 It is a sort of general and as yet vague approval。 Boots promise an excursion out of doors； that is to say； space； fragrant roads； long grass full of surprises； corners scented with offal； friendly or tragic encounters and the pursuit of wholly illusory； game。 But the fair vision is still in anxious suspense。 He does not yet know if he is going with me。 His fate is now being decided； and his eyes； melting with anguish； devour my mind。 If I buckle on my leather gaiters； it means the sudden and utter extinction； of all that constitutes the joy of life。 They leave not a ray of hope。 They herald the hateful； lonely motorcycle； which he cannot keep up with； and he stretches himself sadly in a dark corner； where he goes back to the gloomy dreams of an unoccupied； forsaken dog。 But； when I slip my arms into the sleeves of my heavy great…coat； one would think that they were opening the gates of the most dazzling paradise。 For this implies the car； the obvious； indubitable motor…car； in other words； the radiant summit of the most superlative delight。 And delirious barks； inordinate bounds； riotous； embarrassing demonstrations of affection greet a happiness which； for all that； is but an immaterial idea； built up of artless memories and ingenuous hopes。
23
I mention these matters only because they are quite ordinary and because there is nobody who has not made a thousand similar observations。 As a rule； we do not notice that these humble manifestations represent sentiments； associations of ideas； inferences； deductions； an absolute and altogether human mental effort。 They lack only speech； but speech is merely a mechanical accident which reveals the operations of thought more clearly to us。 We are amazed that Mohammed or Zarif should recognize the picture of a horse； a donkey； a hat； or a man on horseback； or that they should spontaneously report to their master the little events that happen in the stable； but it is certain that our own dog is incessantly performing a similar work and that his eyes； if we could read them； would tell us a great deal more。 The primary miracle of Elberfeld is that the stallions should have been given the means of expressing what they think and feel。 It is momentous； but； when closely looked into； it is not incomprehensible。 Between the talking horses and my silent dog there is an enormous distance； but not an abyss。 I am saying this not to detract from the nature or extent of the prodigy； but to call attention to the fact that the theory of animal intelligence is more justifiable and less fanciful than one is at first inclined to think。
24
But the second and greater miracle is that man should have been able to rouse the horse from his immemorial sleep； to fix and direct his attention and to interest him in matters that are more foreign and indifferent to him than the variations of temperature in Sirius or Aldebaran are to us。 It really seems； when we consider our preconceived ideas； that there is not in the animal an organic and insurmountable inability to do what man's brain does； a total and irremediable absence of intellectual faculties； but rather a profound lethargy and torpor of those faculties。 It lives in a sort of undisturbed stolidity； of nebulous slumber。 As Dr。 Ochorowicz very justly remarks； 〃its waking state is very near akin to the state of a man walking in his sleep。〃 Having no notion of space or time； it spends its life； one may say； in a perpetual dream。 It does what is strict