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missing them with a too ready contempt； forgetting that the highest spiritual things are not precisely matters of measurement。
Life and manners at the court of Rimini must have been a singular spectacle under the bold pagan Condottiere Sigismondo Malatesta。 He had a number of scholars around him； some of whom he provided for liberally； even giving them landed estates； while others earned at least a livelihood as officers in his army。 In his citadel'arx Sismundea'they used to hold discussions； often of a very venomous kind； in the presence of the 'rex；' as they termed him。 In their Latin poems they sing his praises and celebrate his amour with the fair Isotta； in whose honour and as whose monument the famous rebuilding of San Francesco at Rimini took place 'Divae Isottae Sacrum。' When the humanists themselves came to die； they were laid in or under the sarcophagi with which the niches of the outside walls of the church were adorned； with an inscription testifying that they were laid here at the time when Sigismundus； the son of Pandulfus； ruled。 It is hard for us nowadays to believe that a monster like this prince felt learning and the friendship of cultivated people to be a necessity of life； and yet the man who excommunicated him； made war upon him； and burnt him in effigy； Pope Pius II； says： 'Sigismondo knew history and had a great store of philosophy； he seemed born to all that he undertook。'
Propagators of Antiquity
We have here first to speak of those citizens； mostly Florentines； who made antiquarian interests one of the chief objects of their lives； and who were themselves either distinguished scholars； or else distinguished _dilettanti_ who maintained the scholars。 They were of peculiar significance during the period of transition at the beginning of the fifteenth century； since it was in them that humanism first showed itself practically as an indispensable element in daily life。 It was not till after this time that the popes and princes began seriously to occupy themselves with it。
Niccol？Niccoli and Giannozzo Manetti have been already spoken of more than once。 Niccoli is described to us by Vespasiano as a man who would tolerate nothing around him out of harmony with his own classical spirit。 His handsome long…robed figure； his kindly speech； his house adorned with the noblest remains of antiquity； made a singular impression。 He was scrupulously cleanly in everything； most of all at table； where ancient vases and crystal goblets stood before him on the whitest linen。 The way in which he won over a pleasure…loving young Florentine to intellectual interests is too charming not to be here described。 Piero de' Pazzi； son of a distinguished merchant； and himself destined to the same calling； fair to behold； and much given to the pleasures of the world； thought about anything rather than literature。 One day； as he was passing the Palazzo del Podest？ Niccol？ called the young man to him； and although they had never before exchanged a word； the youth obeyed the call of one so respected。 Niccol？asked him who his father was。 He answered； 'Messer Andrea de' Pazzi'。 When he was further asked what his pursuit was； Piero replied； as young people are wont to do； 'I enjoy myself' （'attendo a darmi buon tempo'）。 Niccol？said to him； 'As son of such a father； and so fair to look upon； it is a shame that thou knowest nothing of the Latin language； which would be so great an ornament to thee。 If thou learnest it not； thou wilt be good for nothing； and as soon as the flower of youth is over； wilt be a man of no consequence' （_virt鵢）。 When Piero heard this； he straightway perceived that it was true； and said that he would gladly take pains to learn； if only he had a teacher。 Whereupon Niccol？answered that he would see to that。 And he found him a learned man for Latin and Greek； named Pontano； whom Piero treated as one of his own house； and to whom he paid 100 gold florins a year。 Quitting all the pleasures in which he had hitherto lived； he studied day and night； and became a friend of all learned men and a noble…minded statesman。 He learned by heart the whole AEneid and many speeches of Livy； chiefly on the way between Florence and his country house at Trebbio。 Antiquity was represented in another and higher sense by Giannozzo Maneeti （1393…1459）。 Precocious from his first years； he was hardly more than a child when he had finished his apprenticeship in commerce； and became book…keeper in a bank。 But soon the life he led seemed to him empty and perishable； and he began to yearn after science； through which alone man can secure immortality。 He then busied himself with books as few laymen had done before him； and became； as has been said； one of the most profound scholars of his time。 When appointed by the government as its representative magistrate and tax… collector at Pescia and Pistoia； he furfilled his duties in accordance with the lofty ideal with which his religious feeling and humanistic studies combined to inspire him。 He succeeded in collecting the most unpopular taxes which the Florentine State imposed； and declined payment for his services。 As provincial governor he refused all presents； abhorred all bribes； checked gambling； kept the country well supplied with corn； was indefatigable in settling law…suits amicably； and did wonders in calming inflamed passions by his goodness。 The Pistoiese were never able to discover to which of the two political parties he leaned。 As if to symbolize the common rights and interests of all； he spent his leisure hours in writing the history of the city； which was preserved； bound in a purple cover； as a sacred relic in the town hall。 When he took his leave the city presented him with a banner bearing the municipal arms and a splendid silver helmet。
For further information as to the learned citizens of Florence at this period the reader must all the more be referred to Vespasiano； who knew them all personally； because the tone and atmosphere in which he writes； and the terms and conditions on which he mixed in their society； are of even more importance than the facts which he records。 Even in a translation； and still more in the brief indications to which we are here compelled to limit ourselves； this chief merit of his book is lost。 Without being a great writer； he was thoroughly familiar with the subject he wrote on； and had a deep sense of its intellectual significance。
If we seek to analyse the charm which the Medici of the fifteenth century； especially Cosimo the Elder （d。 1464） and Lorenzo the Magnificent （d。 1492） exercised over Florence and over all their contemporaries； we shall find that it lay less in their political capacity than in their leadership in the culture of the age。 A man in Cosimo's position a great merchant and party leader； who also had on his side all the thinkers； writers and investigators； a man who was the first of the Florentines by birth and the first of the Italians by culture such a man was to all intents and purposes already a prince。 To Cosimo belongs the special glory of recognizing in the Platonic philosophy the fairest flower of the ancient world of thought； of inspiring his friends with the same belief； amd thus of fostering within humanistic circles themselves another and a higher resuscitation of antiquity。 The story is known to us minutely。 It all hangs on the calling of the learned Johannes Argyropulos； and on the personal enthusiasm of Cosimo himself in his last years； which was such； that the great Marsilio Ficino could style himself； as far as Platonism was concerned； the spiritual son of Cosimo。 Under Pietro Medici； Ficino was already at the head of a school； to him Pietro's son and Cosimo's grandson； the illustrious Lorenzo； came over from the Peripatetics。 Among his most distinguished fellow…scholars were Bartolommeo Valori； Donato Acciaiuoli； and Pierfilippo Pandolfini。 The enthusiastic teacher declares in several passages of his writings that Lorenzo had sounded all the depths of the Platonic philosophy； and had uttered his conviction that without Plato it would be hard to be a good Christian or a good citizen。 The famous band of scholars which surrounded Lorenzo was united together； and distinguished from all other circles of the kind； by this passion for a higher and idealistic philosophy。 Only in such a world could a man like Pico della Mirandola feel happy。 But perhaps the best thing of all that can be said about it is； that； with all this worship of antiquity； Italian poetry found here a sacred refuge； and that of all the rays of light which streamed from the circle of which Lorenzo was the centre； none was more powerful than this。 As a statesman； let each man judge him as he pleases； a foreigner will hesitate to pronounce what was due to human guilt and what to circumstances in the fate of Florence； but no more unjust charge was ever made than that in the field of culture Lorenzo was the protector of mediocrity； that through his fault Leonardo da Vinci and the mathematician Fra Luca Pacioli lived abroad； and that Toscanella； Vespucci； and others at least remained unsupported。 He was not； indeed； a man