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nd to die of grief when it came to nothing。
Nor is the autobiography of Benvenuto Cellini； any more than that of Pius II； founded on introspection。 And yet it describes the whole man not always willinglywith marvelous truth and completeness。 It is no small matter that Benvenuto； whose most important works have perished half finished； and who； as an artist； is perfect only in his little decorative speciality； but in other respects； if judged by the works of him which remain； is surpassed by so many of his greater contemporariesthat Benvenuto as a man will interest mankind to the end of time。 It does not spoil the impression when the reader often detects him bragging or lying； the stamp of a mighty； energetic； and thoroughly developed nature remains。 By his side our modern autobiographers； though their tendency and moral character may stand much higher； appear incomplete beings。 He is a man who can do all and dares do all； and who carries his measure in himself。 Whether we like him or not； he lives； such as he was； as a significant type of the modern spirit。
Another man deserves a brief mention in connection with this subjecta man who； like Benvenuto； was not a model of veracity： Girolamo Cardano of Milan （b。 1500）。 His little book； 'De propria vita；' will outlive and eclipse his fame in philosophy and natural science； just as Benvenuto's Life； though its value is of another kind； has thrown his works into the shade。 Cardano is a physician who feels his own pulse； and describes his own physical； moral； and intellectual nature； together with all the conditions under which it had developed； and this； to the best of his ability； honestly and sincerely。 The work which he avowedly took as his modelthe 'Confessions' of Marcus Aureliushe was able； hampered as he was by no stoical maxims； to surpass in this particular。 He desires to spare neither himself nor others； and begins the narrative of his career with the statement that his mother tried； and failed； to procure abortion。 It is worth remark that he attributes to the stars which presided over his birth only the events of his life and his intellectual gifts； but not his moral qualities； he confesses （cap。 10） that the astrological prediction that he would not live to the age of forty or fifty years did him much harm in his youth。 But there is no need to quote from so well…known md accessible a book； whoever opens it will not lay it down il＇ the last page。 Cardano admits that he cheated at play； that e was vindictive； incapable of all compunction； purposely cruel in his speech。 He confesses it without impudence and without feigned contrition； without even wishing to make himself an object of interest； but with the same simple and sincere love of fact which guided him in his scientific researches。 And； what is to us the most repulsive of all； the old man； after the most shocking experiences and with his confidence in his fellowmen gone； finds himself after all tolerably happy and comfortable。 He has still left him a grandson； immense learning； the fame of his works； money； rank and credit； powerful friends； the knowledge of many secrets； and； best of all； belief in God。 After this； he counts the teeth in his head； and finds that he was fifteen。
Yet when Cardano wrote； Inquisitors and Spaniards were already busy in Italy； either hindering the production of such natures； or； where they existed； by some means or other putting them out of the way。 There lies a gulf between this book and the memoirs of Alfieri。
Yet it would be unjust to close this list of autobiographers without listening to a word from one man who was both worthy and happy。 This is the well…known philosopher of practical life； Luigi Cornaro； whose dwelling at Padua； classical as an architectural work； was at the same time the home of all the muses。 In his famous treatise 'On the Sober Life；' he describes the strict regimen by which he succeeded； after a sickly youth； in reaching an advanced and healthy age； then of eighty… three years。 He goes on to answer those who despise life after the age of sixty…five as a living death； showing them that his own life had nothing deadly about it。 'Let them come and see； and wonder at my good health； how I mount on horseback without help； how I run upstairs and up hills； how cheerful； amusing； and contented I am； how free from care and disagreeable thoughts。 Peace and joy never quit me。。。。 My friends are wise； learned； and distinguished people of good position； and when they are not with me I read and write； and try thereby； as by all other means。 to be useful to others。 Each of these things I do at the proper time； and at my ease； in my dwelling； which is beautiful and lies in the best part of Padua； and is arranged both for summer and winter with all the resources of architecture； and provided with a garden by the running water。 In the spring and autumn； I go for awhile to my hill in the most beautiful part of the Euganean mountains； where I have fountains and gardens； and a comfortable dwelling； and there I amuse myself with some easy and pleasant chase； which is suitable to my years。 At other times I go to my villa on the plain； there all the paths lead to an open space； in the middle of which stands a pretty church； an arm of the Brenta flows through the plantations fruitful； well…cultivated fields； now fully peopled； which the marshes and the foul air once made fitter for snakes than for men。 It was I who drained the country； then the air became good； and people settled there and multiplied； and the land became cultivated as it now is； so that T can truly say： 〃On this spot I gave to God an altar and a temple； and souls to worship Him。〃 This is my consolation and my happiness whenever I come here。 In the spring and autumn； I also visit the neighbouring towns； to see and converse with my friends； through whom I make the acquaintance of other distinguished men； architects； painters； sculptors； musicians； and cultivators of the soil。 I see what new things they have done； I look again at what I know already； and learn much that is of use to me。 I see palaces； gardens； antiquities； public grounds； churches； and fortifications。 But what most of all delights me when I travel； is the beauty of the country and the places； lying now on the plain； now on the slopes of the hills； or on the banks of rivers and streams； surrounded by gardens and villas。 And these enjoyments are not diminished through weakness of the eyes or the ears； all my senses （thank God！） are in the best condition； including the sense of taste； for I enjoy more the simple food which I now take in moderation； than all the delicacies which I ate in my years of disorder。' After mentioning the works he had undertaken on behalf of the republic for draining the marshes； and the projects which he had constantly advocated for preserving the lagoons； he thus concludes：
'These are the true recreations of an old age which God has permitted to be healthy； and which is free from those mental and bodily sufferings to which so many young people and so many sickly older people succumb。 And if it be allowable to add the little to the great； to add jest to earnest； it may be mentioned as a result of my moderate life； that in my eightythird year I have written a most amusing comedy； full of blameless wit。 Such works are generally the business of youth； as tragedy is the business of old age。 If it is reckoned to the credit of the famous Greek that he wrote a tragedy in his seventythird year； must I not； with my ten years more； be more cheerful and healthy than he ever was？ And that no consolation may be wanting in the overflowing cup of my old age； I see before my eyes a sort of bodily immortality in the persons of my descendants。 When I come home I see before me； not one or two； but eleven grandchildren； between the ages of two and eighteen； all from the same father and mother； all healthy； and； so far as can already be judged； all gifted with the talent and disposition for learning and a good life。 One of the younger I have as my playmate （buffoncello）； since children from the third to the fifth year are born to tricks； the elder ones I treat as my companions； and； as they have admirable voices； I take delight in hearing them sing and play on different instruments。 And I sing myself； and find my voice better； clearer； and louder than ever。 These are the pleasures of my last years。 My life； therefore； is alive； and not dead； nor would I exchange my age for the youth of such as live in the service of their passions。'
In the 'Exhortation' which Cornaro added at a much later time； in his ninety…fifth year； he reckons it among the elements of his happiness that his 'Treatise' had made many converts。 He died at Padua in 1565； at the age of over a hundred years。
This national gift did not； however； confine itself to the criticism and description of individuals； but felt itself competent to deal with the qualities and characteristics of whole peoples。 Throughout the Middle Ages the cities； families； and nations of all Europe were in the habit of making insulting and derisive attacks on one another； which； with muc