ÓÑÇéÌáʾ£ºÈç¹û±¾ÍøÒ³´ò¿ªÌ«Âý»òÏÔʾ²»ÍêÕû£¬Çë³¢ÊÔÊó±êÓÒ¼ü¡°Ë¢Ð¡±±¾ÍøÒ³£¡ÔĶÁ¹ý³Ì·¢ÏÖÈκδíÎóÇë¸æËßÎÒÃÇ£¬Ð»Ð»£¡£¡ ±¨¸æ´íÎó
¾ÅÉ«Êé¼® ·µ»Ø±¾ÊéĿ¼ ÎÒµÄÊé¼Ü ÎÒµÄÊéÇ© TXTÈ«±¾ÏÂÔØ ½øÈëÊé°É ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©

the civilization of the renaissance in italy-µÚ75ÕÂ

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



t¡¡won¡¡the¡¡day£»¡¡we¡¡¡¡cannot¡¡tell£»¡¡and¡¡therefore¡¡no¡¡human¡¡judgement¡¡can¡¡estimate¡¡with¡¡¡¡certainty¡¡the¡¡absolute¡¡moral¡¡value¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nation¡£

A¡¡force¡¡which¡¡we¡¡must¡¡constantly¡¡take¡¡into¡¡account¡¡in¡¡judging¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡morality¡¡of¡¡the¡¡more¡¡highly¡¡developed¡¡Italian¡¡of¡¡this¡¡period£»¡¡is¡¡that¡¡¡¡of¡¡the¡¡imagination¡£¡¡It¡¡gives¡¡to¡¡his¡¡virtues¡¡and¡¡vices¡¡a¡¡peculiar¡¡color£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡under¡¡its¡¡influence¡¡his¡¡unbridled¡¡egotism¡¡shows¡¡itself¡¡in¡¡its¡¡most¡¡¡¡terrible¡¡shape¡£

The¡¡force¡¡of¡¡his¡¡imagination¡¡explains£»¡¡for¡¡example£»¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡he¡¡¡¡was¡¡the¡¡first¡¡gambler¡¡on¡¡a¡¡large¡¡scale¡¡in¡¡modern¡¡times¡£¡¡Pictures¡¡of¡¡¡¡future¡¡wealth¡¡and¡¡enjoyment¡¡rose¡¡in¡¡such¡¡lifelike¡¡colors¡¡before¡¡his¡¡¡¡eyes£»¡¡that¡¡he¡¡was¡¡ready¡¡to¡¡hazard¡¡everything¡¡to¡¡reach¡¡them¡£¡¡The¡¡¡¡Mohammedan¡¡nations¡¡would¡¡doubtless¡¡have¡¡anticipated¡¡him¡¡in¡¡this¡¡¡¡respect£»¡¡had¡¡not¡¡the¡¡Koran£»¡¡from¡¡the¡¡beginning£»¡¡set¡¡up¡¡the¡¡prohibition¡¡¡¡against¡¡gambling¡¡as¡¡a¡¡chief¡¡safeguard¡¡of¡¡public¡¡morals£»¡¡and¡¡directed¡¡¡¡the¡¡imagination¡¡of¡¡its¡¡followers¡¡to¡¡the¡¡search¡¡after¡¡buried¡¡treasures¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡Italy£»¡¡the¡¡passion¡¡for¡¡play¡¡reached¡¡an¡¡intensity¡¡which¡¡often¡¡¡¡threatened¡¡or¡¡altogether¡¡broke¡¡up¡¡the¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡gambler¡£¡¡¡¡Florence¡¡had¡¡already£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fourteenth¡¡century£»¡¡its¡¡¡¡Casanova¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡Buonaccorso¡¡Pitti£»¡¡who£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡course¡¡of¡¡his¡¡¡¡incessant¡¡journeys¡¡as¡¡merchant£»¡¡political¡¡agent£»¡¡diplomatist¡¡and¡¡¡¡professional¡¡gambler£»¡¡won¡¡and¡¡lost¡¡sums¡¡so¡¡enormous¡¡that¡¡none¡¡but¡¡¡¡princes¡¡like¡¡the¡¡Dukes¡¡of¡¡Brabant£»¡¡Bavaria£»¡¡and¡¡Savoy£»¡¡were¡¡able¡¡to¡¡¡¡compete¡¡with¡¡him¡£¡¡That¡¡great¡¡lottery¡­bank£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡called¡¡the¡¡Court¡¡¡¡of¡¡Rome£»¡¡accustomed¡¡people¡¡to¡¡a¡¡need¡¡of¡¡excitement£»¡¡which¡¡found¡¡its¡¡¡¡satisfaction¡¡in¡¡games¡¡of¡¡hazard¡¡during¡¡the¡¡intervals¡¡between¡¡one¡¡¡¡intrigue¡¡and¡¡another¡£¡¡We¡¡read£»¡¡for¡¡example£»¡¡how¡¡Franceschetto¡¡Cibo£»¡¡in¡¡¡¡two¡¡games¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Cardinal¡¡Raffaello¡¡Riario£»¡¡lost¡¡no¡¡less¡¡than¡¡14£»000¡¡¡¡ducats£»¡¡and¡¡afterwards¡¡complained¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Pope¡¡that¡¡his¡¡opponent¡¡has¡¡¡¡cheated¡¡him¡£¡¡Italy¡¡has¡¡since¡¡that¡¡time¡¡been¡¡the¡¡home¡¡of¡¡the¡¡lottery¡£

It¡¡was¡¡to¡¡the¡¡imagination¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Italians¡¡that¡¡the¡¡peculiar¡¡character¡¡¡¡of¡¡their¡¡vengeance¡¡was¡¡due¡£¡¡The¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡justice¡¡was£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡one¡¡and¡¡¡¡the¡¡same¡¡throughout¡¡Europe£»¡¡and¡¡any¡¡violation¡¡of¡¡it£»¡¡so¡¡long¡¡as¡¡no¡¡¡¡punishment¡¡was¡¡inflicted£»¡¡must¡¡have¡¡been¡¡felt¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡manner¡£¡¡But¡¡¡¡other¡¡nations£»¡¡though¡¡they¡¡found¡¡it¡¡no¡¡easier¡¡to¡¡forgive£»¡¡nevertheless¡¡¡¡forgot¡¡more¡¡easily£»¡¡while¡¡the¡¡Italian¡¡imagination¡¡kept¡¡the¡¡picture¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡wrong¡¡alive¡¡with¡¡frightful¡¡vividness¡£¡¡The¡¡fact¡¡that£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡¡¡the¡¡popular¡¡morality£»¡¡the¡¡avenging¡¡of¡¡blood¡¡is¡¡a¡¡dutya¡¡duty¡¡often¡¡¡¡performed¡¡in¡¡a¡¡way¡¡to¡¡make¡¡us¡¡shuddergives¡¡to¡¡this¡¡passion¡¡a¡¡peculiar¡¡¡¡and¡¡still¡¡firmer¡¡basis¡£¡¡The¡¡government¡¡and¡¡the¡¡tribunals¡¡recognize¡¡its¡¡¡¡existence¡¡and¡¡justification£»¡¡and¡¡only¡¡attempt¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡it¡¡within¡¡certain¡¡¡¡limits¡£¡¡Even¡¡among¡¡the¡¡peasantry£»¡¡we¡¡read¡¡of¡¡Thyestean¡¡banquets¡¡and¡¡¡¡mutual¡¡assassination¡¡on¡¡the¡¡widest¡¡scale¡£¡¡Let¡¡us¡¡look¡¡at¡¡an¡¡instance¡£

In¡¡the¡¡district¡¡of¡¡Acquapendente¡¡three¡¡boys¡¡were¡¡watching¡¡cattle£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡one¡¡of¡¡them¡¡said£º¡¡'Let¡¡us¡¡find¡¡out¡¡the¡¡way¡¡how¡¡people¡¡are¡¡hanged¡£'¡¡¡¡While¡¡one¡¡was¡¡sitting¡¡on¡¡the¡¡shoulders¡¡of¡¡the¡¡other£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡third£»¡¡¡¡after¡¡fastening¡¡the¡¡rope¡¡round¡¡the¡¡neck¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first£»¡¡was¡¡tying¡¡it¡¡to¡¡¡¡an¡¡oak£»¡¡a¡¡wolf¡¡came£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡two¡¡who¡¡were¡¡free¡¡ran¡¡away¡¡and¡¡left¡¡the¡¡¡¡other¡¡hanging¡£¡¡Afterwards¡¡they¡¡found¡¡him¡¡dead£»¡¡and¡¡buried¡¡him¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡¡¡Sunday¡¡his¡¡father¡¡came¡¡to¡¡bring¡¡him¡¡bread£»¡¡and¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡two¡¡confessed¡¡¡¡what¡¡had¡¡happened£»¡¡and¡¡showed¡¡him¡¡the¡¡grave¡£¡¡The¡¡old¡¡man¡¡then¡¡killed¡¡¡¡him¡¡with¡¡a¡¡knife£»¡¡cut¡¡him¡¡up£»¡¡brought¡¡away¡¡the¡¡liver£»¡¡and¡¡entertained¡¡¡¡the¡¡boy's¡¡father¡¡with¡¡it¡¡at¡¡home¡£¡¡After¡¡dinner£»¡¡he¡¡told¡¡him¡¡whose¡¡liver¡¡¡¡it¡¡was¡£¡¡Hereupon¡¡began¡¡a¡¡series¡¡of¡¡reciprocal¡¡murders¡¡between¡¡the¡¡two¡¡¡¡families£»¡¡and¡¡within¡¡a¡¡month¡¡thirty¡­six¡¡persons¡¡were¡¡killed£»¡¡women¡¡as¡¡¡¡well¡¡as¡¡men¡£

And¡¡such¡¡'vendette£»'¡¡handed¡¡down¡¡from¡¡father¡¡to¡¡son£»¡¡and¡¡extending¡¡to¡¡¡¡friends¡¡and¡¡distant¡¡relations£»¡¡were¡¡not¡¡limited¡¡to¡¡the¡¡lower¡¡classes£»¡¡¡¡but¡¡reached¡¡to¡¡the¡¡highest¡£¡¡The¡¡chronicles¡¡and¡¡novels¡¡of¡¡the¡¡period¡¡are¡¡¡¡full¡¡of¡¡such¡¡instances£»¡¡especially¡¡of¡¡vengeance¡¡taken¡¡for¡¡the¡¡violation¡¡¡¡of¡¡women¡£¡¡The¡¡classic¡¡land¡¡for¡¡these¡¡feuds¡¡was¡¡Romagna£»¡¡where¡¡the¡¡¡¡'vendetta'¡¡was¡¡interwoven¡¡with¡¡intrigues¡¡and¡¡party¡¡divisions¡¡of¡¡every¡¡¡¡conceivable¡¡sort¡£¡¡The¡¡popular¡¡legends¡¡present¡¡an¡¡awful¡¡picture¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡savagery¡¡into¡¡which¡¡this¡¡brave¡¡and¡¡energetic¡¡people¡¡had¡¡relapsed¡£¡¡We¡¡¡¡are¡¡told£»¡¡for¡¡instance£»¡¡of¡¡a¡¡nobleman¡¡at¡¡Ravenna¡¡who¡¡had¡¡got¡¡all¡¡his¡¡¡¡enemies¡¡together¡¡in¡¡a¡¡tower£»¡¡and¡¡might¡¡have¡¡burned¡¡them£»¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡¡¡which¡¡he¡¡let¡¡them¡¡out£»¡¡embraced¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡entertained¡¡them¡¡sumptuously£»¡¡¡¡whereupon¡¡shame¡¡drove¡¡them¡¡mad£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡conspired¡¡against¡¡him¡£¡¡Pious¡¡¡¡and¡¡saintly¡¡monks¡¡exhorted¡¡unceasingly¡¡to¡¡reconciliation£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡can¡¡¡¡scarcely¡¡have¡¡done¡¡more¡¡than¡¡restrain¡¡to¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡extent¡¡the¡¡feuds¡¡¡¡already¡¡established£»¡¡their¡¡influence¡¡hardly¡¡prevents¡¡the¡¡growth¡¡of¡¡new¡¡¡¡ones¡£¡¡The¡¡novelists¡¡sometimes¡¡describe¡¡to¡¡this¡¡effect¡¡of¡¡religionhow¡¡¡¡sentiments¡¡of¡¡generosity¡¡and¡¡forgiveness¡¡were¡¡suddenly¡¡awakened£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡then¡¡again¡¡paralysed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡force¡¡of¡¡what¡¡had¡¡once¡¡been¡¡done¡¡and¡¡could¡¡¡¡never¡¡be¡¡un¡£¡¡done¡£¡¡The¡¡Pope¡¡himself¡¡was¡¡not¡¡always¡¡lucky¡¡as¡¡a¡¡¡¡peacemaker¡£¡¡Pope¡¡Paul¡¡II¡¡desired¡¡that¡¡the¡¡quarrel¡¡between¡¡Antonio¡¡¡¡Caffarello¡¡and¡¡the¡¡family¡¡of¡¡Alberino¡¡should¡¡cease£»¡¡and¡¡ordered¡¡¡¡Giovanni¡¡Alberino¡¡and¡¡Antonio¡¡Caffarello¡¡to¡¡come¡¡before¡¡him¡¡bade¡¡them¡¡¡¡kiss¡¡one¡¡another£»¡¡and¡¡threatened¡¡them¡¡with¡¡a¡¡fine¡¡of¡¡2£»000¡¡ducats¡¡if¡¡¡¡they¡¡renewed¡¡this¡¡strife£»¡¡and¡¡two¡¡days¡¡after¡¡Antonio¡¡was¡¡stabbed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡¡¡same¡¡Giacomo¡¡Alberino£»¡¡son¡¡of¡¡Giovanni£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡wounded¡¡him¡¡once¡¡¡¡before£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Pope¡¡was¡¡full¡¡of¡¡anger£»¡¡and¡¡confiscated¡¡the¡¡goods¡¡of¡¡¡¡Alberino£»¡¡and¡¡destroyed¡¡his¡¡houses£»¡¡and¡¡banished¡¡father¡¡and¡¡son¡¡from¡¡¡¡Rome¡£¡¡The¡¡oaths¡¡and¡¡ceremonies¡¡by¡¡which¡¡reconciled¡¡enemies¡¡attempted¡¡to¡¡¡¡guard¡¡themselves¡¡against¡¡a¡¡relapse£»¡¡are¡¡sometimes¡¡utterly¡¡horrible¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡the¡¡parties¡¡of¡¡the¡¡'Nove'¡¡and¡¡the¡¡'Popolari'¡¡met¡¡and¡¡kissed¡¡one¡¡¡¡another¡¡by¡¡twos¡¡in¡¡the¡¡cathedral¡¡at¡¡Siena¡¡on¡¡New¡¡Year's¡¡Eve£»¡¡1494£»¡¡an¡¡¡¡oath¡¡was¡¡read¡¡by¡¡which¡¡all¡¡salvation¡¡in¡¡time¡¡and¡¡eternity¡¡was¡¡denied¡¡to¡¡¡¡the¡¡future¡¡violator¡¡of¡¡the¡¡treaty'an¡¡oath¡¡more¡¡astonishing¡¡and¡¡¡¡dreadful¡¡than¡¡had¡¡ever¡¡yet¡¡been¡¡heard¡£'¡¡The¡¡last¡¡consolations¡¡of¡¡¡¡religion¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hour¡¡of¡¡death¡¡were¡¡to¡¡turn¡¡to¡¡the¡¡damnation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡man¡¡¡¡who¡¡should¡¡break¡¡it¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡clear£»¡¡however£»¡¡that¡¡such¡¡a¡¡ceremony¡¡rather¡¡¡¡represents¡¡the¡¡despairing¡¡mood¡¡of¡¡the¡¡mediators¡¡than¡¡offers¡¡any¡¡real¡¡¡¡guarantee¡¡of¡¡peace£»¡¡inasmuch¡¡as¡¡the¡¡truest¡¡reconciliation¡¡is¡¡just¡¡that¡¡¡¡one¡¡which¡¡has¡¡least¡¡need¡¡of¡¡it¡£

This¡¡personal¡¡need¡¡of¡¡vengeance¡¡felt¡¡by¡¡the¡¡cultivated¡¡and¡¡highly¡¡¡¡placed¡¡Italian£»¡¡resting¡¡on¡¡the¡¡solid¡¡basis¡¡of¡¡an¡¡analogous¡¡popular¡¡¡¡custom£»¡¡naturally¡¡displays¡¡itself¡¡under¡¡a¡¡thousand¡¡different¡¡aspects£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡receives¡¡the¡¡unqualified¡¡approval¡¡of¡¡public¡¡opinion£»¡¡as¡¡reflected¡¡¡¡in¡¡the¡¡works¡¡of¡¡the¡¡novelists¡£¡¡All¡¡are¡¡at¡¡one¡¡on¡¡the¡¡point¡¡that£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡¡¡case¡¡of¡¡those¡¡injuries¡¡and¡¡insults¡¡for¡¡which¡¡Italian¡¡justice¡¡offered¡¡no¡¡¡¡redress£»¡¡and¡¡all¡¡the¡¡more¡¡in¡¡the¡¡case¡¡of¡¡those¡¡against¡¡which¡¡no¡¡human¡¡¡¡law¡¡can¡¡ever¡¡adequately¡¡provide£»¡¡each¡¡man¡¡is¡¡free¡¡to¡¡take¡¡the¡¡law¡¡into¡¡¡¡his¡¡own¡¡hands¡£¡¡Only¡¡there¡¡must¡¡be¡¡art¡¡in¡¡the¡¡vengeance£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡¡¡satisfaction¡¡must¡¡be¡¡compounded¡¡of¡¡the¡¡material¡¡injury¡¡and¡¡moral¡¡¡¡humiliation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡offender¡£¡¡A¡¡mere¡¡brutal£»¡¡clumsy¡¡triumph¡¡of¡¡force¡¡was¡¡¡¡held¡¡by¡¡public¡¡opinion¡¡to¡¡be¡¡no¡¡satisfaction¡£¡¡The¡¡whole¡¡man¡¡with¡¡his¡¡¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡fame¡¡and¡¡of¡¡scorn£»¡¡not¡¡only¡¡his¡¡fist£»¡¡must¡¡be¡¡victorious¡£

The¡¡Italian¡¡of¡¡that¡¡time¡¡shrank£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡true£»¡¡from¡¡no¡¡dissimulation¡¡in¡¡¡¡order¡¡to¡¡attain¡¡his¡¡ends£»¡¡but¡¡was¡¡wholly¡¡free¡¡from¡¡hypocrisy¡¡in¡¡matters¡¡¡¡of¡¡principle¡£¡¡In¡¡these¡¡he¡¡attempted¡¡to¡¡deceive¡¡neither¡¡himself¡¡nor¡¡¡¡others¡£¡¡Accordingly£»¡¡revenge¡¡was¡¡declared¡¡with¡¡perfect¡¡frankness¡¡to¡¡be¡¡¡¡a¡¡necessity¡¡of¡¡human¡¡nature¡£¡¡Cool¡­headed¡¡people¡¡declared¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡¡¡then¡¡most¡¡worthy¡¡of¡¡praise¡¡when¡¡it¡¡was¡¡disengaged¡¡from¡¡passion£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡worked¡¡simply¡¡from¡¡motives¡¡of¡¡expedience£»¡¡'in¡¡order¡¡that¡¡other¡¡men¡¡may¡¡¡¡learn¡¡to¡¡leave¡¡us¡¡unharmed¡£'¡¡Yet¡¡such¡¡instances¡¡must¡¡have¡¡formed¡¡only¡¡a¡¡¡¡small¡¡minority¡¡in¡¡comparison¡¡with¡¡those¡¡in¡¡which¡¡passion¡¡sought¡¡an¡¡¡¡outlet¡£¡¡This¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡revenge¡¡differs¡¡clearly¡¡from¡¡the¡¡avenging¡¡of¡¡¡¡blood£»¡¡which¡¡has¡¡already¡¡been¡¡spoken¡¡of£»¡¡while¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡keeps¡¡more¡¡or¡¡¡¡less¡¡within¡¡the¡¡limits¡¡of¡¡retaliationthe¡¡'ius¡¡talionis'¡¡the¡¡former¡¡¡¡necessarily¡¡goes¡¡much¡¡further£»¡¡not¡¡only¡¡requiring¡¡the¡¡sanction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡justice£»¡¡but¡¡craving¡¡admiration£»¡¡and¡¡even¡¡striving¡¡to¡¡get¡¡the¡¡¡¡laugh¡¡on¡¡its¡¡own¡¡side¡£

Here¡¡lies¡¡the¡¡reason¡¡why¡¡men¡¡were¡¡willing¡¡to¡¡wait¡¡so¡¡long¡¡for¡¡their¡¡¡¡revenge¡£¡¡A¡¡'bella¡¡vendetta'¡¡demanded¡¡as¡¡a¡¡rule¡¡a¡¡combination¡¡of¡¡¡¡circumstances¡¡for¡¡which¡¡it¡¡was¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡wait¡¡patiently¡£¡¡The¡¡gradual¡¡¡¡ripening¡¡of¡¡such¡¡opportunities¡¡is¡¡described¡¡by¡¡the¡¡novelists¡¡with¡¡¡¡heartfelt¡¡delight¡£

There¡¡is¡¡no¡¡need¡¡to¡¡discuss¡¡the¡¡morality¡¡of¡¡actions¡¡in¡¡which¡¡plaintiff¡¡¡¡and¡¡judge¡¡are¡¡one¡¡and¡¡the¡¡same¡¡person¡£¡¡If¡¡this¡¡Italian¡¡thirst¡¡for¡¡¡¡vengeance¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡palliated¡¡at¡¡all£»¡¡it¡¡must¡¡be¡¡by¡¡proving¡¡the¡¡¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡a¡¡corresponding¡¡national¡¡virtue£»¡¡namely¡¡gratitude¡£¡¡The¡¡¡¡same¡¡force¡¡of¡¡imagination¡¡which¡¡retains¡¡and¡¡magnifies¡¡wrong¡¡once¡¡¡¡suffered£»¡¡might¡¡be¡¡expected¡¡also¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡alive¡¡the¡¡memory¡¡of¡¡kindness¡¡¡¡received¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡not¡¡possible£»¡¡however£»¡¡to¡¡prove¡¡this¡¡with¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡the¡¡¡¡nation¡¡as¡¡a¡¡whole£»¡¡though¡¡traces¡¡of¡¡it¡¡may¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Italian¡¡¡¡character¡¡of¡¡today¡£¡¡The¡¡gratitude¡¡shown¡¡by¡¡the¡¡inferior¡¡classes¡¡for¡¡¡¡kind¡¡treatment£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡good¡¡memory¡¡of¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡f
·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©
δÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
ÎÂÜ°Ìáʾ£º ο´Ð¡ËµµÄͬʱ·¢±íÆÀÂÛ£¬Ëµ³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ¿´·¨ºÍÆäËüС»ï°éÃÇ·ÖÏíÒ²²»´íŶ£¡·¢±íÊéÆÀ»¹¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±Àø£¬ÈÏÕæдԭ´´ÊéÆÀ ±»²ÉÄÉΪ¾«ÆÀ¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ´óÁ¿½ð±Ò¡¢»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±ÀøŶ£¡