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down； for he there says （Rom。 iii：1）： 〃What advantage then hath the Jew？ or
what profit is there of circumcision？ （82） Much every way： chiefly； because
that unto them were committed the oracles of God。〃
（83） But if we look to the doctrine which Paul especially desired to teach；
we shall find nothing repugnant to our present contention； on the contrary；
his doctrine is the same as ours； for he says （Rom。 iii：29） 〃that God is the
God of the Jews and of the Gentiles； and〃 （ch。 ii：25； 26） 〃But；
if thou be a breaker of the law； thy circumcision is made uncircumcision。
（84） Therefore if the uncircumcision keep the righteousness of the law；
shall not his uncircumcision be counted for circumcision？〃 （85） Further； in
chap。 iv：verse 9； he says that all alike； Jew and Gentile； were under sin；
and that without commandment and law there is no sin。 （86） Wherefore it is
most evident that to all men absolutely was revealed the law under which all
lived … namely； the law which has regard only to true virtue； not the law
established in respect to； and in the formation of a particular state and
adapted to the disposition of a particular people。 （87） Lastly； Paul
concludes that since God is the God of all nations； that is； is equally
gracious to all； and since all men equally live under the law and under sin；
so also to all nations did God send His Christ； to free all men equally from
the bondage of the law； that they should no more do right by the
command of the law； but by the constant determination of their hearts。 （88）
So that Paul teaches exactly the same as ourselves。 （89） When； therefore； he
says 〃To the Jews only were entrusted the oracles of God；〃 we must either
understand that to them only were the laws entrusted in writing； while they
were given to other nations merely in revelation and conception； or else （as
none but Jews would object to the doctrine he desired to advance） that Paul
was answering only in accordance with the understanding and current ideas of
the Jews； for in respect to teaching things which he had partly seen； partly
heard； he was to the Greeks a Greek； and to the Jews a Jew。
（90） It now only remains to us to answer the arguments of those who would
persuade themselves that the election of the Jews was not temporal； and
merely in respect of their commonwealth； but eternal； for； they say； we see
the Jews after the loss of their commonwealth； and after being scattered so
many years and separated from all other nations； still surviving； which is
without parallel among other peoples； and further the Scriptures seem to
teach that God has chosen for Himself the Jews for ever； so that though they
have lost their commonwealth； they still nevertheless remain God's elect。
（91） The passages which they think teach most clearly this eternal election； are chiefly：
（1。） Jer。 xxxi：36； where the prophet testifies that the seed of Israel
shall for ever remain the nation of God； comparing them with the
stability of the heavens and nature；
（2。） Ezek。 xx：32； where the prophet seems to intend that though the Jews
wanted after the help afforded them to turn their backs on the worship of
the Lord； that God would nevertheless gather them together again from all
the lands in which they were dispersed； and lead them to the wilderness of
the peoples … as He had led their fathers to the wilderness of the land of
Egypt … and would at length； after purging out from among them the rebels
and transgressors； bring them thence to his Holy mountain； where the whole
house of Israel should worship Him。 Other passages are also cited；
especially by the Pharisees； but I think I shall satisfy everyone if I
answer these two； and this I shall easily accomplish after showing from
Scripture itself that God chose not the Hebrews for ever； but only on the
condition under which He had formerly chosen the Canaanites； for these last；
as we have shown； had priests who religiously worshipped God； and whom God
at length rejected because of their luxury； pride； and corrupt worship。
（92） Moses （Lev。 xviii：27） warned the Israelites that they be not polluted
with whoredoms； lest the land spue them out as it had spued out the nations
who had dwelt there before； and in Deut。 viii：19； 20； in the plainest terms
He threatens their total ruin； for He says； 〃I testify against you that ye
shall surely perish。 （93） As the nations which the Lord destroyeth before
your face； so shall ye perish。〃 In like manner many other passages are found
in the law which expressly show that God chose the Hebrews neither
absolutely nor for ever。 （94） If； then； the prophets foretold for them a new
covenant of the knowledge of God； love； and grace； such a promise is easily
proved to be only made to the elect； for Ezekiel in the chapter which we
have just quoted expressly says that God will separate from them the
rebellious and transgressors； and Zephaniah （iii：12； 13）； says that 〃God
will take away the proud from the midst of them； and leave the poor。〃 （95）
Now； inasmuch as their election has regard to true virtue； it is not to be
thought that it was promised to the Jews alone to the exclusion of others；
but we must evidently believe that the true Gentile prophets （and every
nation； as we have shown； possessed such） promised the same to the faithful
of their own people； who were thereby comforted。 （96） Wherefore this eternal
covenant of the knowledge of God and love is universal； as is clear；
moreover； from Zeph。 iii：10； 11 ： no difference in this respect can be
admitted between Jew and Gentile； nor did the former enjoy any special
election beyond that which we have pointed out。
（97） When the prophets； in speaking of this election which regards only true
virtue； mixed up much concerning sacrifices and ceremonies； and the
rebuilding of the temple and city； they wished by such figurative
expressions； after the manner and nature of prophecy； to expound matters
spiritual； so as at the same time to show to the Jews； whose prophets they
were； the true restoration of the state and of the temple to be expected
about the time of Cyrus。
（98） At the present time； therefore； there is absolutely nothing which the
Jews can arrogate to themselves beyond other people。
（99） As to their continuance so long after dispersion and the loss of
empire； there is nothing marvellous in it； for they so separated themselves
from every other nation as to draw down upon themselves universal hate； not
only by their outward rites； rites conflicting with those of other nations；
but also by the sign of circumcision which they most scrupulously observe。
（100） That they have been preserved in great measure by Gentile hatred；
experience demonstrates。 （101） When the king of Spain formerly
compelled the Jews to embrace the State religion or to go into exile； a
large number of Jews accepted Catholicism。 （102） Now； as these renegades
were admitted to all the native privileges of Spaniards； and deemed worthy
of filling all honourable offices； it came to pass that they straightway
became so intermingled with the Spaniards as to leave of themselves no relic
or remembrance。 （103） But exactly the opposite happened to those whom the
king of Portugal compelled to become Christians； for they always； though
converted； lived apart； inasmuch as they were considered unworthy of any
civic honours。
（104） The sign of circumcision is； as I think； so important； that I could
persuade myself that it alone would preserve the nation for ever。 （105） Nay；
I would go so far as to believe that if the foundations of their religion
have not emasculated their minds they may even； if occasion offers； so
changeable are human affairs； raise up their empire afresh； and that God may
a second time elect them。
（106） Of such a possibility we have a very famous example in the Chinese。
（107） They； too； have some distinctive mark on their heads which they most
scrupulously observe； and by which they keep themselves apart from everyone
else； and have thus kept themselves during so many thousand years that they
far surpass all other nations in antiquity。 （108） They have not always
retained empire； but they have recovered it when lost； and doubtless will do
so again after the spirit of the Tartars becomes relaxed through the luxury
of riches and pride。
（109） Lastly； if any one wishes to maintain that the Jews； from this or from
any other cause； have been chosen by God for ever； I will not gainsay him if
he will admit that this choice； whether temporary or eternal； has no regard；
in so far as it is peculiar to the Jews； to aught but dominion and physical
advantages （for by such alone can one nation be distinguished from
anoth