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viduals； and says to them； _Make this nation toil for us； bleed for us； hunger and； sorrow and sin for us_； and they do it。〃
CHAPTER VI。 APRONS。
One of the most unsatisfactory Sections in the whole Volume is that on _Aprons_。 What though stout old Gao； the Persian Blacksmith； 〃whose Apron； now indeed hidden under jewels； because raised in revolt which proved successful； is still the royal standard of that country；〃 what though John Knox's Daughter； 〃who threatened Sovereign Majesty that she would catch her husband's head in her Apron； rather than he should lie and be a bishop；〃 what though the Landgravine Elizabeth； with many other Apron worthies；figure here？ An idle wire…drawing spirit； sometimes even a tone of levity； approaching to conventional satire； is too clearly discernible。 What； for example； are we to make of such sentences as the following？
〃Aprons are Defences； against injury to cleanliness； to safety； to modesty； sometimes to roguery。 From the thin slip of notched silk （as it were； the emblem and beatified ghost of an Apron）； which some highest…bred housewife； sitting at Nurnberg Work…boxes and Toy…boxes； has gracefully fastened on； to the thick…tanned hide； girt round him with thongs； wherein the Builder builds； and at evening sticks his trowel； or to those jingling sheet…iron Aprons； wherein your otherwise half…naked Vulcans hammer and smelt in their smelt…furnace；is there not range enough in the fashion and uses of this Vestment？ How much has been concealed； how much has been defended in Aprons！ Nay； rightly considered； what is your whole Military and Police Establishment； charged at uncalculated millions； but a huge scarlet…colored； iron…fastened Apron； wherein Society works （uneasily enough）； guarding itself from some soil and stithy…sparks； in this Devil's…smithy （_Teufels…schmiede_） of a world？ But of all Aprons the most puzzling to me hitherto has been the Episcopal or Cassock。 Wherein consists the usefulness of this Apron？ The Overseer （_Episcopus_） of Souls； I notice； has tucked in the corner of it； as if his day's work were done： what does he shadow forth thereby？〃 &c。 &c。
Or again； has it often been the lot of our readers to read such stuff as we shall now quote？
〃I consider those printed Paper Aprons； worn by the Parisian Cooks； as a new vent； though a slight one； for Typography； therefore as an encouragement to modern Literature； and deserving of approval： nor is it without satisfaction that I hear of a celebrated London Firm having in view to introduce the same fashion； with important extensions； in England。〃We who are on the spot hear of no such thing； and indeed have reason to be thankful that hitherto there are other vents for our Literature； exuberant as it is。Teufelsdrockh continues： 〃If such supply of printed Paper should rise so far as to choke up the highways and public thoroughfares； new means must of necessity be had recourse to。 In a world existing by Industry； we grudge to employ fire as a destroying element； and not as a creating one。 However； Heaven is omnipotent； and will find us an outlet。 In the mean while； is it not beautiful to see five million quintals of Rags picked annually from the Laystall； and annually； after being macerated； hot…pressed； printed on； and sold；returned thither； filling so many hungry mouths by the way？ Thus is the Laystall； especially with its Rags or Clothes…rubbish； the grand Electric Battery； and Fountain…of…motion； from which and to which the Social Activities （like vitreous and resinous Electricities） circulate； in larger or smaller circles； through the mighty； billowy； storm…tost chaos of Life； which they keep alive！〃Such passages fill us； who love the man； and partly esteem him； with a very mixed feeling。
Farther down we meet with this： 〃The Journalists are now the true Kings and Clergy： henceforth Historians； unless they are fools； must write not of Bourbon Dynasties； and Tudors and Hapsburgs； but of Stamped Broad…sheet Dynasties； and quite new successive Names； according as this or the other Able Editor； or Combination of Able Editors； gains the world's ear。 Of the British Newspaper Press； perhaps the most important of all； and wonderful enough in its secret constitution and procedure； a valuable descriptive History already exists； in that language； under the title of _Satan's Invisible World Displayed_； which； however； by search in all the Weissnichtwo Libraries； I have not yet succeeded in procuring （_vermochte night aufzutreiben_）。〃
Thus does the good Homer not only nod； but snore。 Thus does Teufelsdrockh； wandering in regions where he had little business； confound the old authentic Presbyterian Witchfinder with a new； spurious； imaginary Historian of the _Brittische Journalistik_； and so stumble on perhaps the most egregious blunder in Modern Literature！
CHAPTER VII。 MISCELLANEOUS…HISTORICAL。
Happier is our Professor； and more purely scientific and historic； when he reaches the Middle Ages in Europe； and down to the end of the Seventeenth Century； the true era of extravagance in Costume。 It is here that the Antiquary and Student of Modes comes upon his richest harvest。 Fantastic garbs； beggaring all fancy of a Teniers or a Callot； succeed each other； like monster devouring monster in a Dream。 The whole too in brief authentic strokes； and touched not seldom with that breath of genius which makes even old raiment live。 Indeed； so learned； precise； graphical； and every way interesting have we found these Chapters； that it may be thrown out as a pertinent question for parties concerned； Whether or not a good English Translation thereof might henceforth be profitably incorporated with Mr。 Merrick's valuable Work _On Ancient Armor_？ Take； by way of example； the following sketch； as authority for which Paulinus's _Zeitkurzende Lust_ （ii。 678） is； with seeming confidence； referred to：
〃Did we behold the German fashionable dress of the Fifteenth Century； we might smile； as perhaps those bygone Germans； were they to rise again； and see our haberdashery； would cross themselves； and invoke the Virgin。 But happily no bygone German； or man； rises again； thus the Present is not needlessly trammelled with the Past； and only grows out of it； like a Tree； whose roots are not intertangled with its branches； but lie peaceably underground。 Nay it is very mournful； yet not useless； to see and know； how the Greatest and Dearest； in a short while； would find his place quite filled up here； and no room for him； the very Napoleon； the very Byron； in some seven years； has become obsolete； and were now a foreigner to his Europe。 Thus is the Law of Progress secured； and in Clothes； as in all other external things whatsoever； no fashion will continue。
〃Of the military classes in those old times； whose buff…belts； complicated chains and gorgets； huge churn…boots； and other riding and fighting gear have been bepainted in modern Romance； till the whole has acquired somewhat of a sign…post character；I shall here say nothing： the civil and pacific classes； less touched upon； are wonderful enough for us。
〃Rich men； I find； have _Teusinke_ ＇a perhaps untranslatable article＇； also a silver girdle； whereat hang little bells； so that when a man walks； it is with continual jingling。 Some few； of musical turn； have a whole chime of bells （_Glockenspiel_） fastened there； which； especially in sudden whirls； and the other accidents of walking； has a grateful effect。 Observe too how fond they are of peaks； and Gothic…arch intersections。 The male world wears peaked caps； an ell long； which hang bobbing over the side （_schief_）： their shoes are peaked in front； also to the length of an ell； and laced on the side with tags； even the wooden shoes have their ell…long noses： some also clap bells on the peak。 Further； according to my authority； the men have breeches without seat （_ohne Gesass_）： these they fasten peakwise to their shirts； and the long round doublet must overlap them。
〃Rich maidens； again； flit abroad in gowns scolloped out behind and before； so that back and breast are almost bare。 Wives of quality； on the other hand； have train…gowns four or five ells in length； which trains there are boys to carry。 Brave Cleopatras； sailing in their silk…cloth Galley； with a Cupid for steersman！ Consider their welts； a handbreadth thick； which waver round them by way of hem； the long flood of silver buttons； or rather silver shells； from throat to shoe； wherewith these same welt…gowns are buttoned。 The maidens have bound silver snoods about their hair； with gold spangles； and pendent flames （_Flammen_）； that is； sparkling hair…drops： but of their mother's head…gear who shall speak？ Neither in love of grace is comfort forgotten。 In winter weather you behold the whole fair creation （that can afford it） in long mantles； with skirts wide below； and； for hem； not one but two sufficient hand…broad welts； all ending atop in a thick well…starched Ruff； some twenty inches broad： these are their Ruff…mantles （_Kragenmantel_）。
〃As yet among the womankind hoop…petticoats are not； but the men have doublets of fustian； under which lie multiple ruffs of cloth； pasted together with batter （_mit Teig zusammengekleistert_）； which create prot