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used to rise in the night； will make them to appear above ground presently。 And you may take notice； some say that camphire put into your bag with your moss and worms gives them a strong and so tempting a smell； that the fish fare the worse and you the better for it。
And now； I shall shew you how to bait your hook with a worm so as shall prevent you from much trouble； and the loss of many a hook； too； when you fish for a Trout with a running line； that is to say； when you fish for him by hand at the ground。 I will direct you in this as plainly as I can； that you may not mistake。
Suppose it be a big lob…worm： put your hook into him somewhat above the middle； and out again a little below the middle： having so done； draw your worm above the arming of your hook； but note； that； at the entering of your hook； it must not be at the head…end of the worm； but at the tail…end of him； that the point of your hook may come out toward the head…end； and； having drawn him above the arming of your hook； then put the point of your hook again into the very head of the worm； till it come near to the place where the point of the hook first came out； and then draw back that part of the worm that was above the shank or arming of your hook； and so fish with it。 And if you mean to fish with two worms； then put the second on before you turn back the hook's… head of the first worm。 You cannot lose above two or three worms before you attain to what I direct you； and having attained it； you will find it very useful； and thank me for it： for you will run on the ground without tangling。
Now for the Minnow or Penk： he is not easily found and caught till March； or in April； for then he appears first in the river； nature having taught him to shelter and hide himself； in the winter； in ditches that be near to the river； and there both to hide； and keep himself warm； in the mud； or in the weeds； which rot not so soon as in a running river； in which place if he were in winter； the distempered floods that are usually in that season would suffer him to take no rest； but carry him headlong to mills and weirs； to his confusion。 And of these Minnows： first； you are to know； that the biggest size is not the best； and next； that the middle size and the whitest are the best； and then you are to know； that your minnow must be so put on your hook； that it must turn round when 'tis drawn against the stream； and； that it may turn nimbly； you must put it on a big…sized hook； as I shall now direct you； which is thus： Put your hook in at his mouth； and out at his gill； then； having drawn your hook two or three inches beyond or through his gill； put it again into his mouth； and the point and beard out at his tail； and then tie the hook and his tail about； very neatly； with a white thread； which will make it the apter to turn quick in the water； that done； pull back that part of your line which was slack when you did put your hook into the minnow the second time； I say； pull that part of your line back； so that it shall fasten the head； so that the body of the minnow shall be almost straight on your hook： this done； try how it will turn； by drawing it across the water or against a stream； and if it do not turn nimbly； then turn the tail a little to the right or left hand； and try again； till it turn quick； for if not； you are in danger to catch nothing： for know； that it is impossible that it should turn too quick。 And you are yet to know； that in case you want a minnow； then a small loach； or a stickle…bag； or any other small fish that will turn quick； will serve as well。 And you are yet to know that you may salt them； and by that means keep them ready and fit for use three or four days； or longer； and that； of salt； bay…salt is the best。
And here let me tell you； what many old anglers know right well； that at some times； and in some waters； a minnow is not to be got； and therefore； let me tell you； I have； which I will shew to you； an artificial minnow； that will catch a Trout as well as an artificial fly： and it was made by a handsome woman that had a fine hand； and a live minnow lying by her： the mould or body of the minnow was cloth； and wrought upon； or over it； thus； with a needle； the back of it with very sad French green silk； and paler green silk towards the belly； shadowed as perfectly as you can imagine； just as you see a minnow： the belly was wrought also with a needle； and it was； a part of it； white silk； and another part of it with silver thread： the tail and fins were of a quill； which was shaven thin： the eyes were of two little black beads： and the head was so shadowed； and all of it so curiously wrought； and so exactly dissembled； that it would beguile any sharp…sighted Trout in a swift stream。 And this minnow I will now shew you； look； here it is； and； if you like it； lend it you； to have two or three made by it； for they be easily carried about an angler； and be of excellent use： for note； that a large Trout will come as fiercely at a minnow as the highest…mettled hawk doth seize on a partridge； or a greyhound on a hare。 I have been told that one hundred and sixty minnows have been found in a Trout's belly： either the Trout had devoured so many； or the miller that gave it a friend of mine had forced them down his throat after he had taken him。
Now for Flies； which is the third bait wherewith Trouts are usually taken。 You are to know； that there are so many sorts of flies as there be of fruits： I will name you but some of them； as the dun…fly； the stone… fly； the red…fly； the moor…fly； the tawny…fly； the shell…fly； the cloudy or blackish…fly； the flag…fly； the vine…fly； there be of flies； caterpillars； and canker…flies； and bear…flies； and indeed too many either for me to name； or for you to remember。 And their breeding is so various and wonderful； that I might easily amaze myself； and tire you in a relation of them。
And； yet； I will exercise your promised patience by saying a little of the caterpillar； or the palmer…fly or worm； that by them you may guess what a work it were； in a discourse； but to run over those very many flies； worms； and little living creatures； with which the sun and summer adorn and beautify the river…banks and meadows； both for the recreation and contemplation of us anglers； pleasures which； I think； myself enjoy more than any other man that is not of my profession。
Pliny holds an opinion； that many have their birth； or being； from a dew that in the spring falls upon the leaves of trees； and that some kinds of them are from a dew left upon herbs or flowers； and others from a dew left upon coleworts or cabbages： all which kinds of dews being thickened and condensed； are by the sun's generative heat； most of them； hatched； and in three days made living creatures。 and these of several shapes and colours； some being hard and tough； some smooth and soft； some are horned in their head； some in their tail； some have none； some have hair； some none： some have sixteen feet； some less； and some have none： but； as our Topsel hath with great diligence observed； those which have none； move upon the earth； or upon broad leaves； their motion being not unlike to the waves of the sea。 Some of them he also observes to be bred of the eggs of other caterpillars； and that those in their time turn to be butterflies； and again； that their eggs turn the following year to be caterpillars And some affirm； that every plant has its particular fly or caterpillar； which it breeds and feeds。 I have seen； and may therefore affirm it； a green caterpillar； or worm； as big as a small peascod； which had fourteen legs； eight on the belly； four under the neck； and two near the tail。 It was found on a hedge of privet； and was taken thence； and put into a large box； and a little branch or two of privet put to it； on which I saw it feed as sharply as a dog gnaws a bone： it lived thus； five or six days； and thrived； and changed the colour two or three times but by some neglect in the keeper of it； it then died and did not turn to a fly： but if it had lived； it had doubtless turned to one of those flies that some call Flies of prey； which those that walk by the rivers may； in summer； see fasten on smaller flies； and； I think； make them their food。 And 'tis observable； that as there be these flies of prey； which be very large； so there be others； very little； created； I think； only to feed them； and breed out of I know not what； whose life； they say； nature intended not to exceed an hour； and yet that life is thus made shorter by other flies； or accident。
'Tis endless to tell you what the curious searchers into nature's productions have observed of these worms and flies： but yet I shall tell you what Aldrovandus； our Topsel； and others； say of the Palmer…worm； or Caterpillar： that whereas others content themselves to feed on particular herbs or leaves； for most think； those very leaves that gave them life and shape； give them a particular feeding and nourishment； and that upon them they usually abide； yet he observes； that this is called a pilgrim； or palmer…worm； for his very wandering life； and various food； not contenting himself； as others do； with any one certain place for his abode； nor any certain kind of herb or flower for his feeding； but will boldly and di