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THE AMERICAN NEGRO
HIS HISTORY AND LITERATURE
RUNNING A THOUSAND MILES FOR FREEDOM
William and Ellen Craft
RUNNING A THOUSAND MILES FOR FREEDOM OR； THE ESCAPE OF WILLIAM AND ELLEN CRAFT FROM SLAVERY。
〃Slaves cannot breathe in England： if their lungs Receive our air； that moment they are free； They touch our country； and their shackles fall。〃
COWPER
RUNNING A THOUSAND MILES FOR FREEDOM
PREFACE。
HAVING heard while in Slavery that 〃God made of one blood all nations of men；〃 and also that the American Declaration of Independence says； that 〃We hold these truths to be self…evident； that all men are created equal； that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights； that among these； are life； liberty； and the pursuit of happiness；〃 we could not understand by what right we were held as 〃chattels。〃 Therefore； we felt perfectly justified in undertaking the dan… gerous and exciting task of 〃running a thousand miles〃 in order to obtain those rights which are so vividly set forth in the Declaration。
I beg those who would know the particulars of our journey； to peruse these pages。
This book is not intended as a full history of the life of my wife； nor of myself； but merely as an account of our escape； together with other matter which I hope may be the means of creating in some minds a deeper abhorrence of the sinful and abominable practice of enslaving and brutifying our fellow…creatures。
Without stopping to write a long apology for offering this little volume to the public； I shall commence at once to pursue my simple story。
W。 CRAFT。
12； CAMBRIDGE ROAD； HAMMERSMITH； LONDON。
RUNNING A THOUSAND MILES FOR FREEDOM。
…＋…
PART I。
〃God gave us only over beast； fish； fowl； Dominion absolute； that right we hold By his donation。 But man over man He made not lord； such title to himself Reserving； human left from human free。〃
MILTON。
MY wife and myself were born in different towns in the State of Georgia； which is one of the principal slave States。 It is true； our condition as slaves was not by any means the worst； but the mere idea that we were held as chattels； and de… prived of all legal rightsthe thought that we had to give up our hard earnings to a tyrant； to enable him to live in idleness and luxurythe thought that we could not call the bones and sinews that God gave us our own： but above all； the fact that another man had the power to tear from our cradle the new…born babe and sell it in the shambles like a brute； and then scourge us if we dared to lift a finger to save it from such a fate； haunted us for years。
But in December； 1848； a plan suggested itself that proved quite successful； and in eight days after it was first thought of we were free from the horrible trammels of slavery； rejoicing and praising God in the glorious sunshine of liberty。
My wife's first master was her father； and her mother his slave； and the latter is still the slave of his widow。
Notwithstanding my wife being of African ex… traction on her mother's side； she is almost white in fact； she is so nearly so that the tyrannical old lady to whom she first belonged became so annoyed； at finding her frequently mistaken for a child of the family； that she gave her when eleven years of age to a daughter； as a wedding present。 This separated my wife from her mother； and also from several other dear friends。 But the incessant cruelty of her old mistress made the change of owners or treatment so desirable； that she did not grumble much at this cruel separation。
It may be remembered that slavery in America is not at all confined to persons of any particular complexion； there are a very large number of slaves as white as any one； but as the evidence of a slave is not admitted in court against a free white person； it is almost impossible for a white child； after having been kidnapped and sold into or re… duced to slavery； in a part of the country where it is not known （as often is the case）； ever to recover its freedom。
I have myself conversed with several slaves who told me that their parents were white and free； but that they were stolen away from them and sold when quite young。 As they could not tell their address； and also as the parents did not know what had become of their lost and dear little ones； of course all traces of each other were gone。
The following facts are sufficient to prove； that he who has the power； and is inhuman enough to trample upon the sacred rights of the weak； cares nothing for race or colour：
In March； 1818； three ships arrived at New Orleans； bringing several hundred German emi… grants from the province of Alsace； on the lower Rhine。 Among them were Daniel Muller and his two daughters； Dorothea and Salome； whose mother had died on the passage。 Soon after his arrival； Muller； taking with him his two daughters； both young children； went up the river to Attakapas parish； to work on the plantation of John F。 Miller。 A few weeks later； his relatives； who had remained at New Orleans； learned that he had died of the fever of the country。 They immediately sent for the two girls； but they had disappeared； and the relatives； notwithstanding repeated and persevering inquiries and researches； could find no traces of them。 They were at length given up for dead。 Dorothea was never again heard of； nor was any thing known of Salome from 1818 till 1843。
In the summer of that year； Madame Karl； a German woman who had come over in the same ship with the Mullers； was passing through a street in New Orleans； and accidentally saw Salome in a wine…shop； belonging to Louis Belmonte； by whom she was held as a slave。 Madame Karl recognised her at once； and carried her to the house of another German woman； Mrs。 Schubert； who was Salome's cousin and godmother； and who no sooner set eyes on her than； without having any intimation that the discovery had been previously made； she un… hesitatingly exclaimed； 〃My God！ here is the long…lost Salome Muller。〃
The Law Reporter； in its account of this case； says：
〃As many of the German emigrants of 1818 as could be gathered together were brought to the house of Mrs。 Schubert； and every one of the number who had any recollection of the little girl upon the passage； or any acquaintance with her father and mother； immediately identified the woman before them as the long…lost Salome Muller。 By all these witnesses； who appeared at the trial； the identity was fully established。 The family resemblance in every feature was declared to be so remarkable； that some of the witnesses did not hesitate to say that they should know her among ten thousand； that they were as certain the plaintiff was Salome Muller； the daughter of Daniel and Dorothea Muller； as of their own existence。〃
Among the witnesses who appeared in Court was the midwife who had assisted at the birth of Salome。 She testified to the existence of certain peculiar marks upon the body of the child； which were found； exactly as described； by the surgeons who were appointed by the Court to make an examina… tion for the purpose。
There was no trace of African descent in any feature of Salome Muller。 She had long； straight； black hair； hazel eyes； thin lips； and a Roman nose。 The complexion of her face and neck was as dark as that of the darkest brunette。 It appears； however； that； during the twenty…five years of her servitude； she had been exposed to the sun's rays in the hot climate of Louisiana； with head and neck unsheltered； as is customary with the female slaves； while labouring in the cotton or the sugar field。 Those parts of her person which had been shielded from the sun were compara… tively white。
Belmonte； the pretended owner of the girl； had obtained possession of her by an act of sale from John F。 Miller； the planter in whose service Salome's father died。 This Miller was a man of consideration and substance； owning large sugar estates； and bearing a high reputation for honour and honesty； and for indulgent treatment of his slaves。 It was testified on the trial that he had said to Belmonte； a few weeks after the sale of Salome； 〃that she was white； and had as much right to her freedom as any one； and was only to be retained in slavery by care and kind treatment。〃 The broker who negotiated the sale from Miller to Belmonte； in 1838； testified in Court that he then thought； and still thought； that the girl was white！
The case was elaborately argued on both sides； but was at length decided in favour of the girl； by the Supreme Court declaring that 〃she was free and white； and therefore unlawfully held in bondage。〃
The Rev。 George Bourne； of Virginia； in his Picture of Slavery； published in 1834； relates the case of a white boy who； at the age of seven； was stolen from his home in Ohio； tanned and stained in such a way that he could not be distinguished from a person of colour； and then sold as a slave in Virginia。 At the age of twenty； he made his escape； by running away； and happily succeeded in rejoining his parents。
I have known worthless white people to sell their own free children into slavery； and； as there are good…for…nothing white as well as coloured persons everywhere； no one； perhap