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With lowly cassias and with rosemary；
Rough tufa and chalk too； by black water…worms
Gnawed through and through； proclaim no soils beside
So rife with serpent…dainties； or that yield
Such winding lairs to lurk in。 That again；
Which vapoury mist and flitting smoke exhales；
Drinks moisture up and casts it forth at will；
Which； ever in its own green grass arrayed；
Mars not the metal with salt scurf of rust…
That shall thine elms with merry vines enwreathe；
That teems with olive； that shall thy tilth prove kind
To cattle； and patient of the curved share。
Such ploughs rich Capua； such the coast that skirts
Thy ridge； Vesuvius； and the Clanian flood；
Acerrae's desolation and her bane。
How each to recognize now hear me tell。
Dost ask if loose or passing firm it be…
Since one for corn hath liking； one for wine；
The firmer sort for Ceres； none too loose
For thee； Lyaeus？… with scrutinizing eye
First choose thy ground； and bid a pit be sunk
Deep in the solid earth； then cast the mould
All back again； and stamp the surface smooth。
If it suffice not； loose will be the land；
More meet for cattle and for kindly vines；
But if； rebellious； to its proper bounds
The soil returns not； but fills all the trench
And overtops it； then the glebe is gross；
Look for stiff ridges and reluctant clods；
And with strong bullocks cleave the fallow crust。
Salt ground again； and bitter； as 'tis called…
Barren for fruits； by tilth untamable；
Nor grape her kind； nor apples their good name
Maintaining… will in this wise yield thee proof：
Stout osier…baskets from the rafter…smoke；
And strainers of the winepress pluck thee down；
Hereinto let that evil land； with fresh
Spring…water mixed； be trampled to the full；
The moisture； mark you； will ooze all away；
In big drops issuing through the osier…withes；
But plainly will its taste the secret tell；
And with a harsh twang ruefully distort
The mouths of them that try it。 Rich soil again
We learn on this wise： tossed from hand to hand
Yet cracks it never； but pitch…like； as we hold；
Clings to the fingers。 A land with moisture rife
Breeds lustier herbage； and is more than meet
Prolific。 Ah I may never such for me
O'er…fertile prove； or make too stout a show
At the first earing！ Heavy land or light
The mute self…witness of its weight betrays。
A glance will serve to warn thee which is black；
Or what the hue of any。 But hard it is
To track the signs of that pernicious cold：
Pines only； noxious yews； and ivies dark
At times reveal its traces。
All these rules
Regarding； let your land； ay； long before；
Scorch to the quick； and into trenches carve
The mighty mountains； and their upturned clods
Bare to the north wind； ere thou plant therein
The vine's prolific kindred。 Fields whose soil
Is crumbling are the best： winds look to that；
And bitter hoar…frosts； and the delver's toil
Untiring； as he stirs the loosened glebe。
But those； whose vigilance no care escapes；
Search for a kindred site； where first to rear
A nursery for the trees； and eke whereto
Soon to translate them； lest the sudden shock
From their new mother the young plants estrange。
Nay； even the quarter of the sky they brand
Upon the bark； that each may be restored；
As erst it stood； here bore the southern heats；
Here turned its shoulder to the northern pole；
So strong is custom formed in early years。
Whether on hill or plain 'tis best to plant
Your vineyard first inquire。 If on some plain
You measure out rich acres； then plant thick；
Thick planting makes no niggard of the vine；
But if on rising mound or sloping bill；
Then let the rows have room； so none the less
Each line you draw； when all the trees are set；
May tally to perfection。 Even as oft
In mighty war； whenas the legion's length
Deploys its cohorts； and the column stands
In open plain； the ranks of battle set；
And far and near with rippling sheen of arms
The wide earth flickers； nor yet in grisly strife
Foe grapples foe； but dubious 'twixt the hosts
The war…god wavers； so let all be ranged
In equal rows symmetric； not alone
To feed an idle fancy with the view；
But since not otherwise will earth afford
Vigour to all alike； nor yet the boughs
Have power to stretch them into open space。
Shouldst haply of the furrow's depth inquire；
Even to a shallow trench I dare commit
The vine； but deeper in the ground is fixed
The tree that props it； aesculus in chief；
Which howso far its summit soars toward heaven；
So deep strikes root into the vaults of hell。
It therefore neither storms； nor blasts； nor showers
Wrench from its bed； unshaken it abides；
Sees many a generation； many an age
Of men roll onward； and survives them all；
Stretching its titan arms and branches far；
Sole central pillar of a world of shade。
Nor toward the sunset let thy vineyards slope；
Nor midst the vines plant hazel； neither take
The topmost shoots for cuttings； nor from the top
Of the supporting tree your suckers tear；
So deep their love of earth； nor wound the plants
With blunted blade； nor truncheons intersperse
Of the wild olive： for oft from careless swains
A spark hath fallen； that； 'neath the unctuous rind
Hid thief…like first； now grips the tough tree…bole；
And mounting to the leaves on high； sends forth
A roar to heaven； then coursing through the boughs
And airy summits reigns victoriously；
Wraps all the grove in robes of fire； and gross
With pitch…black vapour heaves the murky reek
Skyward； but chiefly if a storm has swooped
Down on the forest； and a driving wind
Rolls up the conflagration。 When 'tis so；
Their root…force fails them； nor； when lopped away；
Can they recover； and from the earth beneath
Spring to like verdure； thus alone survives
The bare wild olive with its bitter leaves。
Let none persuade thee； howso weighty…wise；
To stir the soil when stiff with Boreas' breath。
Then ice…bound winter locks the fields； nor lets
The young plant fix its frozen root to earth。
Best sow your vineyards when in blushing Spring
Comes the white bird long…bodied snakes abhor；
Or on the eve of autumn's earliest frost；
Ere the swift sun…steeds touch the wintry Signs；
While summer is departing。 Spring it is
Blesses the fruit…plantation； Spring the groves；
In Spring earth swells and claims the fruitful seed。
Then Aether； sire omnipotent； leaps down
With quickening showers to his glad wife's embrace；
And； might with might commingling； rears to life
All germs that teem within her； then resound
With songs of birds the greenwood…wildernesses；
And in due time the herds their loves renew；
Then the boon earth yields increase； and the fields
Unlock their bosoms to the warm west winds；
Soft moisture spreads o'er all things； and the blades
Face the new suns； and safely trust them now；
The vine…shoot； fearless of the rising south；
Or mighty north winds driving rain from heaven；
Bursts into bud； and every leaf unfolds。
Even so； methinks； when Earth to being sprang；
Dawned the first days； and such the course they held；
'Twas Spring…tide then； ay； Spring； the mighty world
Was keeping： Eurus spared his wintry blasts；
When first the flocks drank sunlight； and a race
Of men like iron from the hard glebe arose；
And wild beasts thronged the woods； and stars the heaven。
Nor could frail creatures bear this heavy strain；
Did not so large a respite interpose
'Twixt frost and heat； and heaven's relenting arms
Yield earth a welcome。
For the rest； whate'er
The sets thou plantest in thy fields； thereon
Strew refuse rich； and with abundant earth
Take heed to hide them； and dig in withal
Rough shells or porous stone； for therebetween
Will water trickle and fine vapour creep；
And so the plants their drooping spirits raise。
Aye； and there have been； who with weight of stone
Or heavy potsherd press them from above；
This serves for shield in pelting showers； and this
When the hot dog…star chaps the fields with drought。
The slips once planted； yet remains to cleave
The earth about their roots persistently；
And toss the cumbrous hoes； or task the soil
With burrowing plough…share； and ply up and down
Your labouring bullocks through the vineyard's midst；
Then too smooth reeds and shafts of whittled wand；
And ashen poles and sturdy forks to shape；
Whereby supported they may learn to mount；
Laugh at the gales； and through the elm…tops win
From story up to story。
Now while yet
The leaves are in their first fresh infant growth