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The general dislike of innovation； which always makes itself strongly felt in the sphere of religion； is sufficient by itself to account for the superstitious aversion to iron entertained by kings and priests and attributed by them to the gods； possibly this aversion may have been intensified in places by some such accidental cause as the series of bad seasons which cast discredit on iron ploughshares in Poland。 But the disfavour in which iron is held by the gods and their ministers has another side。 Their antipathy to the metal furnishes men with a weapon which may be turned against the spirits when occasion serves。 As their dislike of iron is supposed to be so great that they will not approach persons and things protected by the obnoxious metal； iron may obviously be employed as a charm for banning ghosts and other dangerous spirits。 And often it is so used。 Thus in the Highlands of Scotland the great safeguard against the elfin race is iron； or； better yet； steel。 The metal in any form； whether as a sword； a knife； a gun…barrel； or what not； is all…powerful for this purpose。 Whenever you enter a fairy dwelling you should always remember to stick a piece of steel； such as a knife； a needle； or a fish…hook； in the door； for then the elves will not be able to shut the door till you come out again。 So； too； when you have shot a deer and are bringing it home at night； be sure to thrust a knife into the carcase； for that keeps the fairies from laying their weight on it。 A knife or nail in your pocket is quite enough to prevent the fairies from lifting you up at night。 Nails in the front of a bed ward off elves from women in the straw and from their babes； but to make quite sure it is better to put the smoothing…iron under the bed； and the reaping…hook in the window。 If a bull has fallen over a rock and been killed； a nail stuck into it will preserve the flesh from the fairies。 Music discoursed on a Jew's harp keeps the elfin women away from the hunter； because the tongue of the instrument is of steel。 In Morocco iron is considered a great protection against demons； hence it is usual to place a knife or dagger under a sick man's pillow。 The Singhalese believe that they are constantly surrounded by evil spirits； who lie in wait to do them harm。 A peasant would not dare to carry good food； such as cakes or roast meat； from one place to another without putting an iron nail on it to prevent a demon from taking possession of the viands and so making the eater ill。 No sick person； whether man or woman； would venture out of the house without a bunch of keys or a knife in his hand； for without such a talisman he would fear that some devil might take advantage of his weak state to slip into his body。 And if a man has a large sore on his body he tries to keep a morsel of iron on it as a protection against demons。 On the Slave Coast when a mother sees her child gradually wasting away； she concludes that a demon has entered into the child； and takes her measures accordingly。 To lure the demon out of the body of her offspring； she offers a sacrifice of food； and while the devil is bolting it； she attaches iron rings and small bells to her child's ankles and hangs iron chains round his neck。 The jingling of the iron and the tinkling of the bells are supposed to prevent the demon； when he has concluded his repast； from entering again into the body of the little sufferer。 Hence many children may be seen in this part of Africa weighed down with iron ornaments。
3。 Sharp Weapons tabooed。
THERE is a priestly king to the north of Zengwih in Burma； revered by the Sotih as the highest spiritual and temporal authority； into whose house no weapon or cutting instrument may be brought。 This rule may perhaps be explained by a custom observed by various peoples after a death； they refrain from the use of sharp instruments so long as the ghost of the deceased is supposed to be near； lest they should wound it。 Thus among the Esquimaux of Bering Strait during the day on which a person dies in the village no one is permitted to work； and the relatives must perform no labour during the three following days。 It is especially forbidden during this period to cut with any edged instrument； such as a knife or an axe； and the use of pointed instruments； like needles or bodkins； is also forbidden。 This is said to be done to avoid cutting or injuring the shade； which may be present at any time during this period； and； if accidentally injured by any of these things； it would become very angry and bring sickness or death to the people。 The relatives must also be very careful at this time not to make any loud or harsh noises that may startle or anger the shade。 We have seen that in like manner after killing a white whale these Esquimaux abstain from the use of cutting or pointed instruments for four days； lest they should unwittingly cut or stab the whale's ghost。 The same taboo is sometimes observed by them when there is a sick person in the village； probably from a fear of injuring his shade which may be hovering outside of his body。 After a death the Roumanians of Transylvania are careful not to leave a knife lying with the sharp edge uppermost so long as the corpse remains in the house； or else the soul will be forced to ride on the blade。 For seven days after a death； the corpse being still in the house； the Chinese abstain from the use of knives and needles； and even of chopsticks； eating their food with their fingers。 On the third； sixth； ninth； and fortieth days after the funeral the old Prussians and Lithuanians used to prepare a meal； to which； standing at the door； they invited the soul of the deceased。 At these meals they sat silent round the table and used no knives and the women who served up the food were also without knives。 If any morsels fell from the table they were left lying there for the lonely souls that had no living relations or friends to feed them。 When the meal was over the priest took a broom and swept the souls out of the house； saying； Dear souls； ye have eaten and drunk。 Go forth； go forth。 We can now understand why no cutting instrument may be taken into the house of the Burmese pontiff。 Like so many priestly kings； he is probably regarded as divine； and it is therefore right that his sacred spirit should not be exposed to the risk of being cut or wounded whenever it quits his body to hover invisible in the air or to fly on some distant mission。
4。 Blood tabooed。
WE have seen that the Flamen Dialis was forbidden to touch or even name raw flesh。 At certain times a Brahman teacher is enjoined not to look on raw flesh； blood； or persons whose hands have been cut off。 In Uganda the father of twins is in a state of taboo for some time after birth； among other rules he is forbidden to kill anything or to see blood。 In the Pelew Islands when a raid has been made on a village and a head carried off； the relations of the slain man are tabooed and have to submit to certain observances in order to escape the wrath of his ghost。 They are shut up in the house； touch no raw flesh； and chew betel over which an incantation has been uttered by the exorcist。 After this the ghost of the slaughtered man goes away to the enemy's country in pursuit of his murderer。 The taboo is probably based on the common belief that the soul or spirit of the animal is in the blood。 As tabooed persons are believed to be in a perilous statefor example； the relations of the slain man are liable to the attacks of his indignant ghostit is especially necessary to isolate them from contact with spirits； hence the prohibition to touch raw meat。 But as usual the taboo is only the special enforcement of a general precept； in other words； its observance is particularly enjoined in circumstances which seem urgently to call for its application； but apart from such circumstances the prohibition is also observed； though less strictly； as a common rule of life。 Thus some of the Esthonians will not taste blood because they believe that it contains the animal's soul； which would enter the body of the person who tasted the blood。 Some Indian tribes of North America； through a strong principle of religion； abstain in the strictest manner from eating the blood of any animal； as it contains the life and spirit of the beast。 Jewish hunters poured out the blood of the game they had killed and covered it up with dust。 They would not taste the blood； believing that the soul or life of the animal was in the blood； or actually was the blood。
It is a common rule that royal blood may not be shed upon the ground。 Hence when a king or one of his family is to be put to death a mode of execution is devised by which the royal blood shall not be spilt upon the earth。 About the year 1688 the generalissimo of the army rebelled against the king of Siam and put him to death after the manner of royal criminals； or as princes of the blood are treated when convicted of capital crimes； which is by putting them into a large iron caldron； and pounding them to pieces with wooden pestles； because none of their royal blood must be spilt on the ground； it being； by their religion； thought great impiety to contaminate the divine blood by mixing it with earth。 When Kublai Khan defeated and took his uncle Nayan； who had rebel