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spear as any one on the island is to throw it at him。 During the Macahity； all punishments are remitted throughout the country； and no person can leave the place in which he commences these holidays； let the affair be ever so important。
That a king should regularly have been put to death at the close of a year's reign will hardly appear improbable when we learn that to this day there is still a kingdom in which the reign and the life of the sovereign are limited to a single day。 In Ngoio； a province of the ancient kingdom of Congo； the rule obtains that the chief who assumes the cap of sovereignty is always killed on the night after his coronation。 The right of succession lies with the chief of the Musurongo； but we need not wonder that he does not exercise it； and that the throne stands vacant。 No one likes to lose his life for a few hours' glory on the Ngoio throne。
Chapter 25。 Temporary Kings
IN SOME places the modified form of the old custom of regicide which appears to have prevailed at Babylon has been further softened down。 The king still abdicates annually for a short time and his place is filled by a more or less nominal sovereign； but at the close of his short reign the latter is no longer killed； though sometimes a mock execution still survives as a memorial of the time when he was actually put to death。 To take examples。 In the month of Méac （February） the king of Cambodia annually abdicated for three days。 During this time he performed no act of authority； he did not touch the seals； he did not even receive the revenues which fell due。 In his stead there reigned a temporary king called Sdach Méac； that is； King February。 The office of temporary king was hereditary in a family distantly connected with the royal house； the sons succeeding the fathers and the younger brothers the elder brothers just as in the succession to the real sovereignty。 On a favourable day fixed by the astrologers the temporary king was conducted by the mandarins in triumphal procession。 He rode one of the royal elephants； seated in the royal palanquin； and escorted by soldiers who； dressed in appropriate costumes； represented the neighbouring peoples of Siam； Annam； Laos； and so on。 In place of the golden crown he wore a peaked white cap； and his regalia； instead of being of gold encrusted with diamonds； were of rough wood。 After paying homage to the real king； from whom he received the sovereignty for three days； together with all the revenues accruing during that time （though this last custom has been omitted for some time）； he moved in procession round the palace and through the streets of the capital。 On the third day； after the usual procession； the temporary king gave orders that the elephants should trample under foot the mountain of rice； which was a scaffold of bamboo surrounded by sheaves of rice。 The people gathered up the rice； each man taking home a little with him to secure a good harvest。 Some of it was also taken to the king； who had it cooked and presented to the monks。
In Siam on the sixth day of the moon in the sixth month （the end of April） a temporary king is appointed； who for three days enjoys the royal prerogatives； the real king remaining shut up in his palace。 This temporary king sends his numerous satellites in all directions to seize and confiscate whatever they can find in the bazaar and open shops； even the ships and junks which arrive in harbour during the three days are forfeited to him and must be redeemed。 He goes to a field in the middle of the city； whither they bring a gilded plough drawn by gaily…decked oxen。 After the plough has been anointed and the oxen rubbed with incense； the mock king traces nine furrows with the plough； followed by aged dames of the palace scattering the first seed of the season。 As soon as the nine furrows are drawn； the crowd of spectators rushes in and scrambles for the seed which has just been sown； believing that； mixed with the seed…rice； it will ensure a plentiful crop。 Then the oxen are unyoked； and rice； maize； sesame； sago； bananas； sugar…cane； melons； and so on； are set before them； whatever they eat first will； it is thought； be dear in the year following； though some people interpret the omen in the opposite sense。 During this time the temporary king stands leaning against a tree with his right foot resting on his left knee。 》From standing thus on one foot he is popularly known as King Hop； but his official title is Phaya Phollathep Lord of the Heavenly Hosts。 He is a sort of Minister of Agriculture； all disputes about fields； rice； and so forth； are referred to him。 There is moreover another ceremony in which he personates the king。 It takes place in the second month （which falls in the cold season） and lasts three days。 He is conducted in procession to an open place opposite the Temple of the Brahmans； where there are a number of poles dressed like May…poles； upon which the Brahmans swing。 All the while that they swing and dance； the Lord of the Heavenly Hosts has to stand on one foot upon a seat which is made of bricks plastered over； covered with a white cloth； and hung with tapestry。 He is supported by a wooden frame with a gilt canopy； and two Brahmans stand one on each side of him。 The dancing Brahmans carry buffalo horns with which they draw water from a large copper caldron and sprinkle it on the spectators； this is supposed to bring good luck； causing the people to dwell in peace and quiet； health and prosperity。 The time during which the Lord of the Heavenly Hosts has to stand on one foot is about three hours。 This is thought to prove the dispositions of the Devattas and spirits。 If he lets his foot down he is liable to forfeit his property and have his family enslaved by the king； as it is believed to be a bad omen； portending destruction to the state； and instability to the throne。 But if he stand firm he is believed to have gained a victory over evil spirits； and he has moreover the privilege； ostensibly at least； of seizing any ship which may enter the harbour during these three days； and taking its contents； and also of entering any open shop in the town and carrying away what he chooses。
Such were the duties and privileges of the Siamese King Hop down to about the middle of the nineteenth century or later。 Under the reign of the late enlightened monarch this quaint personage was to some extent both shorn of the glories and relieved of the burden of his office。 He still watches； as of old； the Brahmans rushing through the air in a swing suspended between two tall masts； each some ninety feet high； but he is allowed to sit instead of stand； and； although public opinion still expects him to keep his right foot on his left knee during the whole of the ceremony； he would incur no legal penalty were he； to the great chagrin of the people； to put his weary foot to the ground。 Other signs； too； tell of the invasion of the East by the ideas and civilisation of the West。 The thoroughfares that lead to the scene of the performance are blocked with carriages： lamp…posts and telegraph posts； to which eager spectators cling like monkeys； rise above the dense crowd； and； while a tatterdemalion band of the old style； in gaudy garb of vermilion and yellow； bangs and tootles away on drums and trumpets of an antique pattern； the procession of barefooted soldiers in brilliant uniforms steps briskly along to the lively strains of a modern military band playing Marching through Georgia。
On the first day of the sixth month； which was regarded as the beginning of the year； the king and people of Samarcand used to put on new clothes and cut their hair and beards。 Then they repaired to a forest near the capital where they shot arrows on horseback for seven days。 On the last day the target was a gold coin； and he who hit it had the right to be king for one day。 In Upper Egypt on the first day of the solar year by Coptic reckoning； that is； on the tenth of September； when the Nile has generally reached its highest point； the regular government is suspended for three days and every town chooses its own ruler。 This temporary lord wears a sort of tall fool's cap and a long flaxen beard； and is enveloped in a strange mantle。 With a wand of office in his hand and attended by men disguised as scribes； executioners； and so forth； he proceeds to the Governor's house。 The latter allows himself to be deposed； and the mock king； mounting the throne； holds a tribunal； to the decisions of which even the governor and his officials must bow。 After three days the mock king is condemned to death； the envelope or shell in which he was encased is committed to the flames； and from its ashes the Fellah creeps forth。 The custom perhaps points to an old practice of burning a real king in grim earnest。 In Uganda the brothers of the king used to be burned； because it was not lawful to shed the royal blood。
The Mohammedan students of Fez； in Morocco； are allowed to appoint a sultan of their own； who reigns for a few weeks； and is known as Sultan t…tulba； the Sultan of the Scribes。 This brief authority is put up for auction and knocked down to the highest bidder。 It brings some substantial privileges with it； for the holder is freed from taxes thenceforward； and he has the right of asking a fav