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almost anywhere．（2）For example，on the bus or train on the way home
from work．（3）A man will be reading the newspaper，seconds later it appears as if he
is trying to eat it．（4）Or he will
fall asleep on the shoulder of the stranger sitting next to him．
（5）Another place where unplanned naps go on are in the lecture hall．（6）In some classes，a student will start snoring so loudly that the professor has to ask
another student to shake the sleeper awake．（7）A more
embarrassing situation occurs when a student leans on one elbow and starting to
drift off to sleep．（8）The weight of
the head push the elbow off the desk，and this momentum carries the rest of the body along．（9）The student wakes up on the floor with no memory of how he got there．
（10）The worst time to fall asleep is when driving a car．（11）Police reports are full of accidents that occur when people conk out
and go off the road．（12）If the
drivers are lucky they are not seriously hurt．（13）One womans
car，for instance
went into the river．（14）She woke up
in four feet of water．（15）And thought
it was raining．（16）When people are really tired，nothing will stopthem from falling
asleep—no matter
where they are．
Exercise 22…2
Directions：pare the second version with the first one，and choose the correct answers from
the following choices（The exercise is mainly for sentence skills）
1．In sentence（2）， 2．In sentence（3），
a．missing ma a．run…on
b．missing apostrophe b．sentence fragment
c．sentence fragment c．mistake in subject…verb agreement
d．dangling modifier d．irregular verb mistake
3．In sentence（5）， 4．In sentence（7），
a．sentence fragment a．misplaced modifier
b．spelling error b．dangling modifier
c．run…on c．mistake in parallelism
d．mistake in subject…verb d．run…on
agreement
5．In sentenc（8）， 6．In sentence（11），
a．nonstandard English verb a．irregular verb mistake
b．run…on b．sentence fragment
c．ma mistake c．slang phrase
d．missing capital letter d．mistake in subject…verb agreement
7．In sentence（12）， 8．In sentence（13），
a．missing apostrophe a．mistake in parallelism
b．missing ma b．irregular verb mistake
c．irregular verb mistake c．missing apostrophe
d．sentence fragment d．missing capital letter
9．In sentence（13）， 10．In sentence（15），
a．missing ma around an a．missing quotation mark
interrupter
b．dangling modifier b．irregular verb mistake
c．run…on c．sentence fragment
d．cliché d．mistake in pronoun point of view
第二十三单元 如何用举例法推展篇章
根据不同的写作目的，篇章写作一般分为四种主要类型：
1）Narration（叙述文）
2）Description（描写文）
3）Exposition（说明文）
4）Persuasion and argumentation（议论文）
从本单元起，我们将着重介绍在大学英语四级统考中应用得最为广泛的说明文。说明文常用于阐述事物的特征、本质、性能、结构、用途等。抽象的说明是很难让人理解和接受的，所以在进行说明时我们常用举例法、比较与对照法、定义与分类法、过程分析法和因果法等写作方法推展段落和篇章。这些方法均已在段落推展法之四、五、六、七、八、九中一一做了介绍。以下我们将在第二十三、二十四、二十五、二十六及二十七单元中分别用这些方法对篇章的推展作进一步的讨论。
另外，在今后的各单元中，我们将尽量少用汉语，以便使大家养成用英语思维的良好习惯。
23．1 举例法Examples
在篇章写作中，我们常用实例来对自己的观点或文章的主题思想进行说明、解释，使抽象、难解的事物具体化。这不仅有助于读者感受到我们的观点，而且可使文章读起来生动、有趣。切记：举例时一定要典型，能为文章的主题思想服务；而且还要生动、有趣，给人以深刻印象。
23．2 parison of Two Model Essays（两例范文的比较）
1）My Bad…Tempered Father
My father is easily angered by normal，everyday mistake．One day my father told me to wash the car and cut the grass．I did not hear exactly what he said，and so I asked him to repeat it．Then he went into a hysterical mood
and shouted，“Can't you
hear？”
Another time he asked my mother to go to the store and buy groceries
with a fifty…dollar bill，and told her to spend no more than twenty dollars．She spent twenty…two dollars．As soon as he found out，he immediately grabbed the change
from her and shouted that she was never to do any errands for him again．He did not speak to her for the
rest of the day．
My father also gives my older brothers a hard time with his
irritable moods．One day，he told them to be home from their
dates by midnight；they came
home at 12∶15．He informed them that they were
grounded for three weeks．
To my father，making a simple mistake is like miting a severe crime．
2）My Generous Grandfather
My grandfather is the most generous person I know．He has given up a life of his own
in order to give his grandchildren everything they want．Not only has he given up many years
of his life to raise his children properly，but he is now sacrificing many more years to his grandchildren．
His generosity is also evident in his relationship with his
colleagues，neighbors and
friends．He has been
responsible for many good deeds and has always been there to help all the
people around him in times of trouble．Everyone knows that he will gladly lend a helping hand．
He is so generous that you almost have to feel sorry for him．If one day he suddenly became
selfish，it would be
earthshaking．That's my
grandfather．
23．3 Analysis of the Two Model Essays（两例范文的分析）
The first passage is more effective，for it offers specific examples that show us the father in action．We see for ourselves why the writer
describes the father as bad…tempered．It also uses transitional phrases or sentence to organize the
passange more clearly and logically．Using“one day”，the writer introduces us the first
example of his father's hot temper；“Another time”indicates the second example and the transitional sentence“My father also gives my older
brothers a hard time with his irritable moods”indicates another example will follow．It is the supporting examples and the transitional devices that make
the passage more effective and coherent．
The second writer，on the other hand，gives us no specific evidence．The writer tells us repeatedly that the grandfather is generous but
never shows us examples of that generosity．Just how，for instance，did the grandfather sacrifice his life for his children and
grandchildren？Did the
grandfather hold two jobs so that his soncould go to college，or so that his daughter could
finish her education？Does he give up time with his wife and friends to travel every day
to his daughter's house to baby sit，go to the store，and help with the dishes？We need to judge for ourselves whether the writer is making a valid
point about the grandfather，but with out specific details we cannot do so．In fact，we have almost no picture of the
grandfather at all．
Writing Assignment for Unit 23
Directions：Write a short passage of the title“My Sweet…Tempered Mother according to the given topic sentence．
Remember to provide specific details to illustrate your point and
use transitional words or phrases to make your writing more clearly and
coherently．You may write
your passage on the good qualities of a person by using some of the descriptive
words listed below．They are only suggestions，you can write about other qualities as well．
honest hardworking supportive modest
open…minded considerate independent good…humoured
cooperative energetic disciplined patient
generous trustworthy neat courageous
ambitious soft…hearted reliable unpretentious
My mother is the most sweet…tempered person I know．
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
第二十四单元 如何用比较与对照法推展篇章
24．1 parison and Contrast（比较与对照）
Often we may want to describe several aspects of two subjects that
have both similarities and differences．When we pare two things，we show how they are similar；when we contrast two things，we show how they are different．We may pare or contrast two schools，two cars，two friends，two jobs，two cities，etc．．For this
purpose，we may employ
the bined techniques of parison and contrast．In writing the essay，you should always bear two