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4．_______________________________________________
5．_______________________________________________
第七单元 如何写好一个段落（Ⅱ）
7．1连贯性
段落的连贯性指的是段落的句子以清晰、符合逻辑的顺序（clear， logical sequence）连接。连贯性使读者能够找出每个观点之间的联系以及这些观点与主题句的联系。
7．2关于如何取得连贯性的建议
1）使用同一时态
如果随意而毫无理由地改变时态（tenses），那么不管作者连句的技巧多么高超，段落也不可能取得连贯性。在写作时，可以使用现在时（ present tense）或过去时（past tense）。选用哪一种取决于作者处理材料的方式。
2）使用某种逻辑顺序
常用的逻辑顺序有： 1）时间顺序（time order）； 2）空间顺序（space order）（见第12单元）； 3）重要性顺序（order of importance）和 4）熟悉度顺序（order of familiarity）（见第 19单元）。
3）使用连接成分
使用某些连接词和短语（connective word Sand
phrases），重复某些关键词（repetition
of certain key words），可以大大增加段落的连贯性。某些连接词、短语和关键词可以起粘着物（adhesives）的作用，把各部分连接起来，使句子间的关系更加清楚。连接成分主要有以下三种：
a．连接词语（linking
expressions）（见第34单元）
b．代词（pronouns）
代词用于提醒读者注意其先行词，以此把有关的部分连接起来。
c．重复关键词语（repetition
of key words）
示范段落7．1
① Until recently daydreaming was
viewed as a waste of time．② Or it was considered an unhealthy escape from real life and its
duties．③ But now
some people are taking a fresh look at daydreaming．④ And it may be that more people
are suffering from a lack of daydreaming than are suffering from too much of it．
7．3示范段落分析
顺序：熟悉度和对比关系
连接词语：①“until recently”②“or”③“but”④“and”⑤“then”
代词：① daydreaming—②it—④ it（the second
one）
重复关键词：①daydreaming—③daydreaming
④daydreaming
Exercise 7…1
Directions： Arrange the following sentences into a paragraph，using the coherence devices as the
hints．
① Clearly， in agriculture and industry， the progress of a country depends
on the busy hands of its working people．
② Finally， the establishment of efficient
transportation and munication systems， essential services in a modernizing economy， relies heavily on a lab our force
of expert craftsmen who take pride in their manual skills．
③ And of course the manufactures as
well as the maintenance of machines of all kinds demands a large number of
trained mechanics and technicians．
④ To begin with， ploughing fields，planting and harvesting crops， and raising livestock are all
important to development and all require people who work with their hands．
⑤ Secondly， mining natural resources， building roads and bridges， and constructing dams for
irrigation and electrical power are also important to development and also
require people who know how to use their hands skillfully．
⑥ Manual lab our is one of the
principal development resources in any industralizing country， as the following examples
demonstrate．
Topic Sentence：____________
Details：___________________
Concluding Sentence：____________
Exercise 7…2
Directions： In the following paragraph， find all the words that help the reader move smoothly from one
detail to another．write these
words in the blanks to the right．
To prepare a nutritious breakfast of cereal and milk you need tofollow
only a few simple directions． First， acquire the
necessary ingredients and materials： dry cereal of your choice， milk， sugar，fruit， a cereal bowl and a soup spoon． Second， pour the cereal into the bowl until the bowl is half full． Next ，cut up the fruit and arrange it on
top of the cereal； then
sprinkle sugar over the fruit，if desired． Once you have layered the cereal and fruit in the bowl，you are ready for the milk． Now， pour enough milk into the bowl to just barely cover the cereal and
fruit． At last， your breakfast is ready；pick up your spoon and dig in！
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第八单元 推展段落方法之一——事实与数据法
在第四单元，我们曾提到推展段落的方法有多种。从这一单元开始，我们将逐个介绍这些方法。
8．1事实与数据法
事实（a fact）是可以客观证实的事情。例如：“The sunrises in the
east．”是个事实。“Oil
and water do not mix．”也是个事实。两者都可以通过实验证明是真实的。但是“Eating carrots improves eyesight．”也许是真实也许是不真实的。这不是个事实，是一种看法（opinion）。数据（a statistic）是一个数字事实（a numeral fact），用于给某一主题提供有意义的信息。例如：
There are twenty－five students in the class．”是一个数据。
示范段落8－1
The term population explosion is usually applied to the rapid growth
of population over the last three centuries．In the two hundred years from 1650 to 1850，world population doubled and
reached its first billion．In the next eighty years，it doubled again，and by 1975，it had doubled once more to a total of 4 billion．By the year 2000，it is estimated that it will exceed
6 billion and possibly approach 7 billion unless there is a major reduction in
birth rates or amajor increase in death rates．
8．2示范段落分析
主题句：The term population explosion is
usually applied to the rapid growth of population over the last three centuries．
提供信息：
数据1：1650…1850；double，reach 1
billion
数据2：1850－1930；double again，reach 2 billion
数据3：1930－1975；double again，reach 4 billion
数据4：1975－2000；exceed 6 billion，approach 7 billion
示范段落8…2
A snake is a strange animal．It walks on its ribs and it smells with its tongue．Since its teeth are sharp like
needles and not good for chewing，it swallows its food whole．
8．3示范段落分析
主题句：A snake is a strange animal．
事实1：walks with its ribs and smells with its tongue
事实2：swallows its food whole
8．4关于如何写事实与数据段落的建议
1）不要把事实与看法混为一谈
事实是真实的，因为它们已被证据证实。然而看法只是人们的主观想法，不一定真实。因此，记住用事实而不是用看法支持你的观点。
2）不要使用不相关的数据
如果你为了增加观点的可信度而使用不相关的数据，即使这些数据是真实的，也会引起误解。
Exercise 8…1
Directions：Write a paragraph with statistics as supporting details，using the given topic sentence and
statistics．
Statistic：blood pressure before the exam—115／55
Statistic：at the end of the exam—155／115
Statistic：ten minutes after the exam—150／110
Exams apparently have a marked effect on the blood pressure of the
students taking them．___________________________________________________
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Exercise 8…2
Directions：Write a paragraph with facts as supporting details using the given
topic sentence and facts．
Fact：William is
the second most mon boy's name used in English（the first being John）
Fact：History is
full of Williams．
a．William of
Nor many—conquerer of
England in 1066
b．William
Shakespeare—writer
c．William Cody—a hero of the Wild West
Is your name William？If so， you have
pany．____________
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第九单元 推展段落方法之二——叙述法
9．1叙述法
叙述法（narration）回答了“发生了什么”（what happened）这一问题。叙述经常用于讲述一系列事件。这种方法常用作小说（fiction）、传记（biographs）的支配方法，也可用作其他各种文体的辅助方法。例如，轶事（anecdotes）、寓言（fables）等都是用叙述形式阐述某一观点。
示范段落9－1
I was seven years old when I first became aware of the terrible
power of guilt．For piling
our toys into the toy box，Mother had rewarded my brother and me with five shiny pennies each．If I had ten pennies instead of
just five，I could have
bought a ginger bread man with raisin eyes and sugar－frosted hair．The image danced in my head all day，until，finally，I crept into my brother's room and stole his five pennies．The next morning，as my brother and I were dressing
to go to school，I had all ten
pennies in the pocket of my coat，cramming one of my father's handkerchiefs on top of them．As my brother and I lined up in
front of Mother to be kissed goodbye，she looked at my bulging pocket with amazement．“What on earth do you have in your
pocket？she asked．“It's nothing，”I said，as offhandedly as I could．“It's nothing at all．”Bewildered，but toobusy to investigate any
further，Mother kissed
me goodbye I ran out the door and down our gravel path as fast as my feet could
carry me．But the
farther from home I got，the more miserable I became．The shiny pennies in my pocket felt oppressively like one－ton boulders．And I was haunted by the idea that
I