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第十七单元 推展段落方法之九——因果法（Ⅰ）
17．1因果法
因果法（cause and effect）段落通常回答“why？”的问题。大多数人认为在自己或别人生活中发生的事情必然事出有因，因此总要知道为什么会发生这样或那样的事情。原因（cause）指的是导致结果的发生在过去的事情，结果（effect）指的是已发生的事情将会产生的后果。
17．2结果法
解释一个原因（cause）的几个结果（effects）的段落，可能以下面两种顺序之一出现：或者以原因开头，接着指出一个一个结果，如下面示范段落17－1所示；或首先摆出结果，然后指出原因。
示范段落17－1
Many people are worried about what television has done to the
generation of American children who have grown up watching it．For one thing，recent studies tend to show that TV
stifles creative imagination．Some teachers feel that television has taken away the child's
ability to form mental pictures in his own mind，resulting in children who cannot understand a simple story without
visualillustrations．Secondly，too much TV too early tends to cause children to withdraw from real
life experiences．Thus，they grow up to be passive
spectators who can only respond to action，but not initiate it．The third area for concern is the serious plaint frequently made
by elementary school teachers that children exhibit a low tolerance for the
frustrations of learning．Because they have been conditioned to see all problems resolved in
30 or 60 minutes on TV，they are quickly discouraged by any activity that promises less than
instant gratification．But perhaps the most serious result is the impact of television
violence on children，who have e to regard it as an everyday thing．Not only does this increase their
tolerance of violent behavior in others，but most authorities now concede that under certain conditions，some children will imitate anti－ social acts that they witness on
television．
17．3示范段落分析
主题句：Many people are worried about what
television has done to the generation of American children who have grown up
watching it．
因果模式（cause and effect pattern）：
原因（cause）：television
结果（effects）：1．TV stifles creative imagination．
2．TV causes
children to withdraw from real life experiences．
3．Children
exhibit a low tolerance for the frustrations of learning．
4．Children have
e to regard violence as an everyday thing．
17．4关于如何写因果法段落的建议
1）段落一开始就表明目的
在段落一开始就陈述你所关心的原因或结果是什么。例如，在示范段落17－1，主题句就把目的限定为分析“the effects of television on American children”。
2）选择主题要适中
选择太大的主题会给你带来麻烦。因此，记住要选择你可以驾驭的主题。例如：“effects
of television”作为主题会太大，难以下笔。然而把它限制为“effects on American children”就容易多了（第18单元继续讨论因果法）。
Exercise17－1
Directions：Write a paragraph，analyzing the effects of students cheating on exams．
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Exercise 17…2
Directions：Write a paragraph，analyzing the advantages of job interview．
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第十八单元 推展段落方法之九——因果法（Ⅱ）
18．1原因法
有时，一个结果会源于几个原因。同样，段落可或以结果开头或以结果结束，作者可以从熟悉到不熟悉的原因逐一分析，或是从分析一个又一个读者不熟悉的原因开头，最后引出读者熟悉的结果。选用哪一种，决定于作者认为哪一种更有说服力。
示范段落18…1
Several changes have brought wild animals to the cities．Foremost is，that air and water quality in many
cities have improved as a result of the 1970's pollution control efforts．Meanwhile，rural areas have been built up，leaving many animals on the edges
of suburbs．In addition，urban wildlife refuges have been
created．The Greater
London Council last year spent ＄750；000 to buy land and build 10 permanent wildlife refuges in the
city．As a result，many big birds are now living in
the city．For peregrine
falcons cities are actully safer than rural cliff dwellings．By 1970 the birds had died out east
of the Mississippi because DDT had made their eggs too thin to support life．That year，scientist Tom Cade of Cornell
University began raising the birds for release in cities，for cities afforded plentyof food．
18．2 示范段落分析
主题句：Several changes have brought
wild animals to the cities．
因果模式（Cause…effect Pattern）：
结果（Effect）：wild animals back to the cities
原因（Causes）： 1．Air and water quality have improved．
2．Rural areas
have been built up．
3．Urban
wildlife refuges have been created．
18．3 因—果—因法
有时候，一个原因也许会引起一个结果，这个结果又成为另一个结果的原因，如示范段落18…2所示。
示范段落18…2
For some time now，medical scientists have noted an alarming increase in disease of the
heart and circulation among people who smoke cigarettes．It has been found that the presence
of nicotine in the blood stream causes blood vessels to contract，thus slowing circulation，which eventully leads to hardening
of the arteries．As the
arteries stiffen，less blood
reaches the brain，and the end
result of this slowdown is the cerebral hemorrhage，monly referred to as a“stroke”．In addition，nicotine in the bloodstream reduces
the ability of the hemoglobin to release oxygen，resulting in shortness of breath．The lack of oxygen forces the heart to beat faster—that is，the pulse rate increases—and in turn accelerates the risk of
heart attack．
18．4．示范段落分析
因…果…因模式（Cause…Effect…Cause
Pattern）：
Smoking tobacco→nicotine in the blood streams
→the blood vessels constract…
18．5 关于写因果段落的建议（续）
3）着重分析直接的、明显的原因
每个结果都有无数的原因，同样，每个行为都会导致无数的结果。因果段落应只着重分析直接的、明显的原因，忽略间接的原因。例如，一个学生成绩不好，直接原因是没有认真学习，间接原因也许是对学校不满。显然，我们应该着眼于直接的原因而摒弃间接的原因。
4）根据重要性或熟悉程度排列细节（见第19单元）
5）使用适当的排列符号（listing
signals）（见第34单元）
Exercise 18…1
Directions：Read the following paragraph of cause and effect，adding suitable listing signals and
linking expressions．
There are many reasons why languages change．____，
various languages that started from the same parent developed their
own uniqueness after groups of speakers drifted away from one another to
establish isolated，independent munities．________is the independence of and interaction with foreign cultures，often as a result of military
conquest．________is
rapidly expanding technologe and new systems of munication that bring all
cultures and languages into close contact，with borrowing between languages a mon phenomenon in the
contemporary world．All languages change as the experiences of their speakers change．
Exercise 18…2
Directions：Write a paragraph analyzing the causes of students cheating on exams．
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
第十九单元 组织段落方法——重要性和熟悉度顺序
19．1 重要性顺序排列法
前面我们已经讨论了组织段落的两种方法——时间顺序法（time…order）和空间顺序法（space…order）。组织段落的第三种方法是根据重要性排列的方法（to organize
details according to their order of importance）。作者使用这种方法的依据是他认为所选用的细节应如何加以强调。
使用重要性顺序法，可选用上升顺序（ascending order），或下降顺序（aescending oraer）。前者先列举次要观点，把重要的留到最末（如示范段落17…1），后者先强调最重要的观点，然后列举次要观点（如示范段落4…1）。
19．2 熟悉度顺序排列法
对于某些段落，也许使用熟悉度顺序法（order of
familiarity）更恰当。这种方法根据读者对作者所选用的一系列细节的熟悉程度排列。例如，在分类段落中，作者经常先谈论读者比较熟悉的、具体的细节，然后谈论读者不大熟悉的细节，如示范段落16…1。
19．3 使用顺序法的一般准则
到目前为止，我们共讨论了四种组织段落顺序，使用哪一种顺序取决于作者的写作目的和读者对主题的熟悉程度。
1）如果你要说服别人相信一个观点，应该选用重要性顺序，把最好和最有力的理由放在能使读者最容易牢记的地方——段末。
2）如果你要向读者准确地展示一个场面，则应选用空间顺序描述，以便你的读者能够在脑海中再现你所描绘的画面。
3）如果读者对你要谈论的话题不大熟悉，则应从熟悉的观点着手。
4）如果你要告诉读者发生了什么事情或怎样做某件事，则需要时间顺序。
Exercise 19…1
Directions：Read the following two paragraphs and analyze their orders of
organization．
（1）
Why are young people so enthusiastic about puters？It is mainly because they find that
the puter has a lar