the expression of emotion in man and animals-第23章

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ate；　like　rubbing　against　their　masters　and　being　rubbed　or　patted　by　them；　for　from　the　nursing　of　their　puppies；　contact　with　a　beloved　object　has　become　firmly　associated　in　their　minds　with　the　emotion　of　love。　The　feeling　of　affection　of　a　dog　towards　his　master　is　combined　with　a　strong　sense　of　submission；　which　is　akin　to　fear。　Hence　dogs　not　only　lower　their　bodies　and　crouch　a　little　as　they　approach　their　masters；　but　sometimes　throw　themselves　on　the　ground　with　their　bellies　upwards。　　This　is　a　movement　as　completely　opposite　as　is　possible　to　any　show　of　resistance。　I　formerly　possessed　a　large　dog　who　was　not　at　all　afraid　to　fight　with　other　dogs；　but　a　wolf…like　shepherd…dog　in　the　neighbourhood；　though　not　ferocious　and　not　so　powerful　as　my　dog；　had　a　strange　influence　over　him。　When　they　met　on　the　road；　my　dog　used　to　run　to　meet　him；　with　his　tail　partly　tucked　in　between　his　legs　and　hair　not　erected；　and　then　be　would　throw　himself　on　the　ground；　belly　upwards。　By　this　action　he　seemed　to　say　more　plainly　than　by　words；　〃Behold；　I　am　your　slave。〃　　A　pleasurable　and　excited　state　of　mind；　associated　with　affection；　is　exhibited　by　some　dogs　in　a　very　peculiar　manner；　namely；　by　grinning。　This　was　noticed　long　ago　by　Somerville；　who　says；　And　with　a　courtly　grin；　the　fawning　bound　Salutes　thee　cow'ring；　his　wide　op'ning　nose　Upward　he　curls；　and　his　large　sloe…back　eyes　Melt　in　soft　blandishments；　and　humble　joy。'　_The　Chase_；　book　i。Sir　W。　Scott's　famous　Scotch　greyhound；　Maida；　had　this　habit；　and　it　is　common　with　terriers。　I　have　also　seen　it　in　a　Spitz　and　in　a　sheep…dog。　Mr。　Riviere；　who　has　particularly　attended　to　this　expression；　informs　me　that　it　is　rarely　displayed　in　a　perfect　manner；　but　is　quite　common　in　a　lesser　degree。　　The　upper　lip　during　the　act　of　grinning　is　retracted；　as　in　snarling；　so　that　the　canines　are　exposed；　and　the　ears　are　drawn　backwards；　but　the　general　appearance　of　the　animal　clearly　shows　that　anger　is　not　felt。　Sir　C。　Bell＇3＇　remarks　〃Dogs；　in　their　expression　of　fondness；　have　a　slight　eversion　of　the　lips；　and　grin　and　sniff　amidst　their　gambols；　in　a　way　that　resembles　laughter。〃　Some　persons　speak　of　the　grin　as　a　smile；　but　if　it　had　been　really　a　smile；　we　should　see　a　similar；　though　more　pronounced；　movement　of　the　lips　and　ears；　when　dogs　utter　their　bark　of　joy；　but　this　is　not　the　case；　although　a　bark　of　joy　often　follows　a　grin。　On　the　other　hand；　dogs；　when　playing　with　their　comrades　or　masters；　almost　always　pretend　to　bite　each　other；　and　they　then　retract；　though　not　energetically；　their　lips　and　ears。　Hence　I　suspect　that　there　is　a　tendency　in　some　dogs；　whenever　they　feel　lively　pleasure　combined　with　affection；　to　act　through　habit　and　association　on　the　same　muscles；　as　in　playfully　biting　each　other；　or　their　masters'　hands。　I　have　described；　in　the　second　chapter；　the　gait　and　appearance　of　a　dog　when　cheerful；　and　the　marked　antithesis　presented　by　the　same　animal　when　dejected　and　disappointed；　with　his　head；　ears；　body；　tail；　and　chops　drooping；　and　eyes　dull。　Under　the　expectation　of　any　great　pleasure；　dogs　bound　and　jump　about　in　an　extravagant　manner；　and　bark　for　joy。　　The　tendency　to　bark　under　this　state　of　mind　is　inherited；　or　runs　in　the　breed：　greyhounds　rarely　bark；　whilst　the　Spitz…dog　barks　so　incessantly　on　starting　for　a　walk　with　his　master　that　he　becomes　a　nuisance。　＇1＇　‘The　Anatomy　of　Expression；'　1844；　p。　　140。An　agony　of　pain　is　expressed　by　dogs　in　nearly　the　same　way　as　by　many　other　animals；　namely；　by　howling　writhing；　and　contortions　of　the　whole　body。　Attention　is　shown　by　the　head　being　raised；　with　the　ears　erected；　and　eyes　intently　directed　towards　the　object　or　quarter　under　observation。　　If　it　be　a　sound　and　the　source　is　not　known；　the　head　is　often　turned　obliquely　from　side　to　side　in　a　most　significant　manner；　apparently　in　order　to　judge　with　more　exactness　from　what　point　the　sound　proceeds。　But　I　have　seen　a　dog　greatly　surprised　at　a　new　noise；　turning；　his　head　to　one　side　through　habit；　though　he　clearly　perceived　the　source　of　the　noise。　　Dogs；　as　formerly　remarked；　when　their　attention　is　in　any　way　aroused；　whilst　watching　some　object；　or　attending　to　some　sound；　often　lift　up　one　paw　（fig。　4）　and　keep　it　doubled　up；　as　if　to　make　a　slow　and　stealthy　approach。　A　dog　under　extreme　terror　will　throw　himself　down；　howl；　and　void　his　excretions；　but　the　hair；　I　believe；　does　not　become　erect　unless　some　anger　is　felt。　　I　have　seen　a　dog　much　terrified　at　a　band　of　musicians　who　were　playing　loudly　outside　the　house；　with　every　muscle　of　his　body　trembling；　with　his　heart　palpitating　so　quickly　that　the　beats　could　hardly　be　counted；　and　panting　for　breath　with　widely　open　mouth；　in　the　same　manner　as　a　terrified　man　does。　　Yet　this　dog　had　not　exerted　himself；　he　had　only　wandered　slowly　and　restlessly　about　the　room；　and　the　day　was　cold。　　Even　a　very　slight　degree　of　fear　is　invariably　shown　by　the　tail　being　tucked　in　between　the　legs。　This　tucking　in　of　the　fail　is　accompanied　by　the　ears　being　drawn　backwards；　but　they　are　not　pressed　closely　to　the　head；as　in　snarling；　and　they　are　not　lowered；　as　when　a　dog　is　pleased　or　affectionate。　　When　two　young　dogs　chase　each　other　in　play；　the　one　that　runs　away　always　keeps　his　tail　tucked　inwards。　So　it　is　when　a　dog；　in　the　highest　spirits；　careers　like　a　mad　creature　round　and　round　his　master　in　circles；　or　in　figures　of　eight。　　He　then　acts　as　if　another　dog　were　chasing　him。　This　curious　kind　of　play；　which　must　be　familiar　to　every　one　who　has　attended　to　dogs；　is　particularly　apt　to　be　excited；　after　the　animal　has　been　a　little　startled　or　frightened；　as　by　his　master　suddenly　jumping　out　on　him　in　the　dusk。　In　this　case；　as　well　as　when　two　young　dogs　are　chasing　each　other　in　play；　it　appears　as　if　the　one　that　runs　away　was　afraid　of　the　other　catching　him　by　the　tail；　but　as　far　as　I　can　find　out；　dogs　very　rarely　catch　each　other　in　this　manner。　I　asked　a　gentleman；　who　had　kept　foxhounds　all　his　life；　and　be　applied　to　other　experienced　sportsmen；　whether　they　had　ever　seen　hounds　thus　seize　a　fox；　but　they　never　had。　It　appears　that　when　a　dog　is　chased；　or　when　in　danger　of　being　struck　behind；　or　of　anything　falling　on　him；　in　all　these　cases　he　wishes　to　withdraw　as　quickly　as　possible　his　whole　hind…quarters；　and　that　from　some　sympathy　or　connection　between　the　muscles；　the　tail　is　then　drawn　closely　inwards。　A　similarly　connected　movement　between　the　hind…　quarters　and　the　tail　may　be　observed　in　the　hyaena。　　Mr。　Bartlett　informs　me　that　when　two　of　these　animals　fight　together；　they　are　mutually　conscious　of　the　wonderful　power　of　each　other's　jaws；　and　are　extremely　cautious。　　They　well　know　that　if　one　of　their　legs　were　seized；　the　bone　would　instantly　be　crushed　into　atoms；　hence　they　approach　each　other　kneeling；　with　their　legs　turned　as　much　as　possible　inwards；　and　with　their　whole　bodies　bowed；　so　as　not　to　present　any　salient　point；　thetail　at　the　same　time　being　closely　tucked　in　between　the　legs。　　In　this　attitude　they　approach　each　other　sideways；　or　even　partly　backwards。　So　again　with　deer；　several　of　the　species；　when　savage　and　fighting；　tuck　in　their　tails。　　When　one　horse　in　a　field　tries　to　bite　the　hind…quarters　of　another　in　play；　or　when　a　rough　boy　strikes　a　donkey　from　behind；　the　hind…quarters　and　the　tail　are　drawn　in；　though　it　does　not　appear　as　if　this　were　done　merely　to　save　the　tail　from　being　injured。　　We　have　also　seen　the　reverse　of　these　movements；　for　when　an　animal　trots　with　high　elastic　steps；　the　tail　is　almost　always　carried　aloft。　As　I　have　said；　when　a　dog　is　chased　and　runs　away；　he　keeps　his　ears　directed　backwards　but　still　open；　and　this　is　clearly　done　for　the　sake　of　hearing　the　footsteps　of　his　pursuer。　From　habit　the　ears　are　often　held　in　this　same　position；　and　the　tail　tucked　in；　when　the　danger　is　obviously　in　front。　I　have　repeatedly　noticed；　with　a　timid　terrier　of　mine；　that　when　she　is　afraid　of　some　object　in　front；　the　nature　of　which　she　perfectly　knows　and　does　not　need　to　reconnoitre；　yet　she　will　for　a　long　time　hold　her　ears　and　tail　in　this　position；　looking　the　image　of　discomfort。　　Discomfort；　without　any　fear；　is　similarly　expressed：　　thus；　one　day　I　went　out　of　doors；　just　at　the　time　when　this　same　dog　knew　that　her　dinner　would　be　brought。　I　did　not　call　her；　but　she　wished　much　to　accompany　me；　and　at　the　same　time　she　wished　much　for　her　dinner；　and　there　she　stood；　first　looking　one　way　and　then　the　other；　with　her　tail　tucked　in　and　ears　drawn　back；　presenting　an　unmistakable　appearance　of　perplexed　discomfort。　Almost　all　the　expressive　movements　now　described；　with　the　exception　of　the　grinning　from　joy；　are　innate　or　instinctive；　for　they　are　common　to　all　the　individuals；　young　and　old；　of　all　the　breeds。　　Most　of　themare　likewise　common　to　the　aboriginal　parents　of　the　dog；　namely　the　wolf　and　jackal；　and　some　of　them　to　other　species　of　the　same　group。　Tamed　wolves　and　jackals；　when　caressed　by　their　masters；　jump　about　for　joy；　wag　their　tails；　lower　their　ears；　lick　their　master's　hands；　crouch　down；　and　even　throw　themselves　on　the　ground　belly　upward