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The appearance of dejection in young orangs and chimpanzees； when out of health； is as plain and almost as pathetic as in the case of our children。 This state of mind and body is shown by their listless movements； fallen countenances； dull eyes； and changed complexion。
＇12＇ Rengger； ibid。 s。 46。 Humboldt； ‘Personal Narrative； Eng。 translat。 vol。 iv。 p。 527。 ｛Illust。 caption = FIG。 16。_Cynopithecus niger_； in a placid condition。
Drawn from life by Mr。 Wolf。 FIG。 17。The same； when pleased by being caressed。｝
_Anger_。This emotion is often exhibited by many kinds of monkeys； and is expressed； as Mr。 Martin remarks；＇13＇ in many different ways。 〃Some species； when irritated； pout the lips； gaze with a fixed and savage glare on their foe； and make repeated short starts as if about to spring forward； uttering at the same time inward guttural sounds。 Many display their anger by suddenly advancing； making abrupt starts； at the same time opening the mouth and pursing up the lips； so as to conceal the teeth； while the eyes are daringly fixed on the enemy； as if in savage defiance。 Some again； and principally the long…tailed monkeys； or Guenons； display their teeth； and accompany their malicious grins with a sharp； abrupt； reiterated cry。〃 Mr。 Sutton confirms the statement that some species uncover their teeth when enraged； whilst others conceal them by the protrusion of their lips； and some kinds draw back their ears。 The _Cynopithecus niger_； lately referred to； acts in this manner； at the same time depressing the crest of hair on its forehead； and showing its teeth； so that the movements of the features from anger are nearly the same as those from pleasure； and the two expressions can be distinguished only by those familiar with the animal。
Baboons often show their passion and threaten their enemies in a very odd manner； namely； by opening their mouths widely as in the act of yawning。 Mr。 Bartlett has often seen two baboons； when first placed in the same compartment； sitting opposite to each other and thus alternately opening their mouths； and this action seems frequently to end in a real yawn。 Mr。 Bartlett believes that both animals wish to show to each other that they are provided with a formidable set of teeth； as is undoubtedly the case。 As I could hardly credit the reality of this yawning gesture； Mr。 Bartlett insulted an old baboon and put him into a violent passion； and he almost immediately thus acted。 Some species of Macacus and of Cereopithecus＇14＇ behave in the same manner。 Baboons likewise show their anger； as was observed by Brehin with those which he kept alive in Abyssinia； in another manner； namely； by striking the ground with one hand； 〃like an angry man striking the table with his fist。〃 I have seen this movement with the baboons in the Zoological Gardens； but sometimes the action seems rather to represent the searching for a stone or other object in their beds of straw。
＇13＇ Nat。 Hist。 of Mammalia； 1841； p。 351。
Mr。 Sutton has often observed the face of the _Macacus rhesus_； when much enraged； growing red。 As he was mentioning this to me； another monkey attacked a _rhesus_； and I saw its face redden as plainly as that of a man in a violent passion。 In the course of a few minutes； after the battle； the face of this monkey recovered its natural tint。 At the same time that the face reddened； the naked posterior part of the body； which is always red； seemed to grow still redder； but I cannot positively assert that this was the case。 When the Mandrill is in any way excited； the brilliantly coloured； naked parts of the skin are said to become still more vividly coloured。
With several species of baboons the ridge of the forehead projects much over the eyes； and is studded with a few long hairs； representing our eyebrows。 These animals are always looking about them； and in order to look upwards they raise their eyebrows。 They have thus； as it would appear； acquired the habit of frequently moving their eyebrows。 However this may be； many kinds of monkeys； especially the baboons； when angered or in any way excited； rapidly and incessantly move their eyebrows up and down； as well as the hairy skin of their foreheads。＇15＇ As we associate in the case of man the raising and lowering of the eyebrows with definite states of the mind； the almost incessant movement of the eyebrows by monkeys gives them a senseless expression。 I once observed a man who had a trick of continually raising his eyebrows without any corresponding emotion； and this gave to him a foolish appearance； so it is with some persons who keep the corners of their mouths a little drawn backwards and upwards； as if by an incipient smile； though at the time they are not amused or pleased。
＇14＇ Brehm； ‘Thierleben；' B。 i。 s。 84。 On baboons striking the ground； s。 61。
A young orang； made jealous by her keeper attending to another monkey； slightly uncovered her teeth； and； uttering a peevish noise like _tish…shist_； turned her back on him。 Both orangs and chimpanzees； when a little more angered； protrude their lips greatly； and make a harsh barking noise。 A young female chimpanzee； in a violent passion； presented a curious resemblance to a child in the same state。 She screamed loudly with widely open mouth； the lips being retracted so that the teeth were fully exposed。 She threw her arms wildly about； sometimes clasping them over her head。 She rolled on the ground； sometimes on her back； sometimes on her belly； and bit everything within reach。 A young gibbon （_Hylobates syndactylus_） in a passion has been described＇16＇ as behaving in almost exactly the same manner。
The lips of young orangs and chimpanzees are protruded； sometimes to a wonderful degree； under various circumstances。 They act thus； not only when slightly angered； sulky； or disappointed； but when alarmed at anythingin one instance； at the sight of a turtle；＇17＇and likewise when pleased。 But neither the degree of protrusion nor the shape of the mouth is exactly the same； as I believe； in all cases； and the sounds which are then uttered are different。 The accompanying drawing represents a chimpanzee made sulky by an orange having been offered him； and then taken away。 A similar protrusion or pouting of the lips； though to a much slighter degree； may be seen in sulky children。
＇15＇ Brehm remarks （‘Thierleben；' s。 68） that the eyebrows of the _Inuus ecaudatus_ are frequently moved up and down when the animal is angered。
＇16＇ G。 Bennett； ‘Wanderings in New South Wales；' &c。 vol。 ii。 1834； p。 153。 FIG。 18。…Chimpanzee disappointed and sulky。 Drawn from life by Mr。 Wood。
Many years ago； in the Zoological Gardens； I placed a looking…glass on the floor before two young orangs； who； as far as it was known； had never before seen one。 At first they gazed at their own images with the most steady surprise； and often changed their point of view。 They then approached close and protruded their lips towards the image； as if to kiss it； in exactly the same manner as they had previously done towards each other； when first placed； a few days before； in the same room。 They next made all sorts of grimaces； and put themselves in various attitudes before the mirror； they pressed and rubbed the surface； they placed their hands at different distances behind it； looked behind it； and finally seemed almost frightened； started a little； became cross； and refused to look any longer。
When we try to perform some little action which is difficult and requires precision； for instance； to thread a needle； we generally close our lips firmly； for the sake； I presume； of not disturbing our movements by breathing； and I noticed the same action in a young Orang。 The poor little creature was sick； and was amusing itself by trying to kill the flies on the window…panes with its knuckles； this was difficult as the flies buzzed about； and at each attempt the lips were firmly compressed； and at the same time slightly protruded。
＇17＇ W。 L。 Martin； Nat。 Hist。 of Mamm。 Animals； 1841； p。 405。
Although the countenances； and more especially the gestures； of orangs and chimpanzees are in some respects highly expressive； I doubt whether on the whole they are so expressive as those of some other kinds of monkeys。 This may be attributed in part to their ears being immovable； and in part to the nakedness of their eyebrows； of which the movements are thus rendered less conspicuous。 When； however； they raise their eyebrows their foreheads become； as with us； transversely wrinkled。 In comparison with man； their faces are inexpressive； chiefly owing to their not frowning under any emotion of the mindthat is； as far as I have been able to observe； and I carefully attended to this point。 Frowning； which is one of the most important of all the expressions in man； is due to the contraction of the corrugators by which the eyebrows are lowered and brought together； so that vertical furrows are formed on the forehead。 Both the orang and chimpanzee are said＇18＇ to possess this muscle； but it seems rarely brought into action； at least in a conspicuous manner。 I made my hands into a sort of cage； and placing some tempting fruit within； allowed both a young orang and chimpanzee to try their utmost