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um。 This was ascertained by observing the crossed double image of a distant object。 When the head droops forward； as often occurs with a man absorbed in thought； owing to the general relaxation of his muscles； if the plane of vision be still horizontal； the eyes are necessarily a little turned upwards； and then the divergence is as much as 3'0； or 3'0 5'： if the eyes are turned still more upwards； it amounts to between 6'0 and 7'0。 Professor Donders attributes this divergence to the almost complete relaxation of certain muscles of the eyes； which would be apt to follow from the mind being wholly absorbed。＇6＇ The active condition of the muscles of the eyes is that of convergence； and Professor Donders remarks； as bearing on their divergence during a period of complete abstraction； that when one eye becomes blind； it almost always； after a short lapse of time； deviates outwards； for its muscles are no longer used in moving the eyeball inwards for the sake of binocular vision。
＇6＇ Gratiolet remarks （De la Phys。 p。 35）； 〃Quand l'attention est fixee sur quelque image interieure； l'oeil regarde dqns le vide et s'associe automatiquement a la contemplation de l'esprit。〃 But this view hardly deserves to be called an explanation。
Perplexed reflection is often accompanied by certain movements or gestures。 At such times we commonly raise our hands to our foreheads； mouths； or chins； but we do not act thus； as far as I have seen； when we are quite lost in meditation； and no difficulty is encountered。 Plautus； describing in one of his plays＇7＇ a puzzled man； says； 〃Now look； he has pillared his chin upon his hand。〃 Even so trifling and apparently unmeaning a gesture as the raising of the hand to the face has been observed with some savages。 Al。 J。 Mansel Weale has seen it with the Kafirs of South Africa； and the native chief Gaika adds； that men then 〃sometimes pull their beards。〃 Mr。 Washington Matthews； who attended to some of the wildest tribes of Indians in the western regions of the United States； remarks that he has seen them when concentrating their thoughts； bring their 〃hands； usually the thumb and index finger； in contact with some part of the face； commonly the upper lip。〃 We can understand why the forehead should be pressed or rubbed； as deep thought tries the brain； but why the hand should be raised to the mouth or face is far from clear。
_Ill…temper_。We have seen that frowning is the natural expression of some difficulty encountered； or of something disagreeable experienced either in thought or action； and he whose mind is often and readily affected in this way； will be apt to be ill…tempered； or slightly angry； or peevish； and will commonly show it by frowning。 But a cross expression； due to a frown； may be counteracted； if the mouth appears sweet； from being habitually drawn into a smile； and the eyes are bright and cheerful。 So it will be if the eye is clear and steady； and there is the appearance of earnest reflection。 Frowning； with some depression of the corners of the mouth； which is a sign of grief； gives an air of peevishness。 If a child （see Plate IV。； fig。 2）＇8＇ frowns much whilst crying； but does not strongly contract in the usual manner the orbicular muscles； a well…marked expression of anger or even of rage； together with misery； is displayed。
＇7＇ ‘Miles Gloriosus；' act ii。 sc。 2。
If the whole frowning brow be drawn much downward by the contraction of the pyramidal muscles of the nose； which produces transverse wrinkles or folds across the base of the nose； the expression becomes one of moroseness。 Duchenne believes that the contraction of this muscle； without any frowning； gives the appearance of extreme and aggressive hardness。＇9＇ But I much doubt whether this is a true or natural expression。 I have shown Duchenne's photograph of a young man； with this muscle strongly contracted by means of galvanism； to eleven persons； including some artists； and none of them could form an idea what was intended； except one； a girl； who answered correctly； 〃surely reserve。〃 When I first looked at this photograph； knowing what was intended； my imagination added； as I believe； what was necessary； namely； a frowning brow； and consequently the expression appeared to me true and extremely morose。
＇8＇ The original photograph by Herr Kindermann is much more expressive than this copy； as it shows the frown on the brow more plainly。
＇9＇ ‘Mecanisme de la Physionomie Humaine；' Album； Legende iv。 figs。 16…18。
A firmly closed mouth； in addition to a lowered and frowning brow； gives determination to the expression； or may make it obstinate and sullen。 How it comes that the firm closure of the mouth gives the appearance of determination will presently be discussed。 An expression of sullen obstinacy has been clearly recognized by my informants； in the natives of six different regions of Australia。 It is well marked； according to Mr。 Scott； with the Hindoos。 It has been recognized with the Malays； Chinese； Kafirs； Abyssinians； and in a conspicuous degree； according to Dr。 Rothrock； with the wild Indians of North America； and according to Mr。 D。 Forbes； with the Aymaras of Bolivia。 I have also observed it with the Araucanos of southern Chili。 Mr。 Dyson Lacy remarks that the natives of Australia； when in this frame of mind； sometimes fold their arms across their breasts； an attitude which may be seen with us。 A firm determination； amounting to obstinacy； is； also； sometimes expressed by both shoulders being kept raised； the meaning of which gesture will be explained in the following chapter。
With young children sulkiness is shown by pouting； or； as it is sometimes called； 〃making a snout。〃＇10＇ When the corners of the mouth are much depressed； the lower lip is a little everted and protruded； and this is likewise called a pout。 But the pouting here referred to； consists of the protrusion of both lips into a tubular form； sometimes to such an extent as to project as far as the end of the nose； if this be short。 Pouting is generally accompanied by frowning； and sometimes by the utterance of a booing or whooing noise。 This expression is remarkable； as almost the sole one； as far as I know； which is exhibited much more plainly during childhood； at least with Europeans； than during maturity。 There is； however； some tendency to the protrusion of the lips with the adults of all races under the influence of great rage。 Some children pout when they are shy； and they can then hardly be called sulky。
＇10＇ Hensleigh Wedgwood on ‘The Origin of Language；' 1866； p。 78。
From inquiries which I have made in several large families； pouting does not seem very common with European children； but it prevails throughout the world； and must be both common and strongly marked with most savage races； as it has caught the attention of many observers。 It has been noticed in eight different districts of Australia； and one of my informants remarks how greatly the lips of the children are then protruded。 Two observers have seen pouting with the children of Hindoos； three； with those of the Kafirs and Fingoes of South Africa； and with the Hottentots； and two； with the children of the wild Indians of North America。 Pouting has also been observed with the Chinese； Abyssinians； Malays of Malacca； Dyaks of Borneo； and often with the New Zealanders。 Mr。 Mansel Weale informs me that he has seen the lips much protruded； not only with the children of the Kafirs； but with the adults of both sexes when sulky； and Mr。 Stack has sometimes observed the same thing with the men； and very frequently with the women of New Zealand。 A trace of the same expression may occasionally be detected even with adult Europeans。
We thus see that the protrusion of the lips； especially with young children； is characteristic of sulkiness throughout the greater part of the world。 This movement apparently results from the retention； chiefly during youth； of a primordial habit； or from an occasional reversion to it。 Young orangs and chimpanzees protrude their lips to an extraordinary degree； as described in a former chapter； when they are discontented； somewhat angry； or sulky； also when they are surprised； a little frightened； and even when slightly pleased。 Their mouths are protruded apparently for the sake of making the various noises proper to these several states of mind； and its shape； as I observed with the chimpanzee； differed slightly when the cry of pleasure and that of anger were uttered。 As soon as these animals become enraged； the shape of the month wholly changes； and the teeth are exposed。 The adult orang when wounded is said to emit 〃a singular cry； consisting at first of high notes； which at length deepen into a low roar。 While giving out the high notes he thrusts out his lips into a funnel shape； but in uttering the low notes he holds his mouth wide open。〃＇11＇ With the gorilla； the lower lip is said to be capable of great elongation。 If then our semi…human progenitors protruded their lips when sulky or a little angered； in the same manner as do the existing anthropoid apes； it is not an anomalous； though a curious fact； that our children should exhibit； when similarly affected； a trace of the same expression； together with some tendency