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s of disgust。 The tendency to retch from a fetid odour is immediately strengthened in a curious manner by some degree of habit； though soon lost by longer familiarity with the cause of offence and by voluntary restraint。 For instance； I wished to clean the skeleton of a bird； which had not been sufficiently macerated； and the smell made my servant and myself （we not having had much experience in such work） retch so violently； that we were compelled to desist。 During the previous days I had examined some other skeletons； which smelt slightly； yet the odour did not in the least affect me； but； subsequently for several days； whenever I handled these same skeletons； they made me retch。
From the answers received from my correspondents it appears that the various movements； which have now been described as expressing contempt and disgust； prevail throughout a large part of the world。 Dr。 Rothrock； for instance； answers with a decided affirmative with respect to certain wild Indian tribes of North America。 Crantz says that when a Greenlander denies anything with contempt or horror he turns up his nose； and gives a slight sound through it。＇9＇ Mr。 Scott has sent me a graphic description of the face of a young Hindoo at the sight of castor…oil； which he was compelled occasionally to take。 Mr。 Scott has also seen the same expression on the faces of high…caste natives who have approached close to some defiling object。 Mr。 Bridges says that the Fuegians 〃express contempt by shooting out the lips and hissing through them； and by turning up the nose。〃 The tendency either to snort through the nose； or to make a noise expressed by _ugh_ or _ach_； is noticed by several of my correspondents。
＇9＇ As quoted by Tylor； ‘Primitive Culture；' 1871； vol。 i。 p。 169。
Spitting seems an almost universal sign of contempt or disgust； and spitting obviously represents the rejection of anything offensive from the mouth。 Shakspeare makes the Duke of Norfolk say； 〃I spit at him call him a slanderous coward and a villain。〃 So； again； Falstaff says； 〃Tell thee what； Hal；if I tell thee a lie； spit in my face。〃 Leichhardt remarks that the Australians 〃interrupted their speeches by spitting； and uttering a noise like pooh！ pooh！ apparently expressive of their disgust。〃 And Captain Burton speaks of certain negroes 〃spitting with disgust upon the ground。〃 Captain Speedy informs me that this is likewise the case with the Abyssinians。 Mr。 Geach says that with the Malays of Malacca the expression of disgust 〃answers to spitting from the mouth；〃 and with the Fuegians； according to Mr。 Bridges 〃to spit at one is the highest mark of contempt。〃
I never saw disgust more plainly expressed than on the face of one of my infants at the age of five months； when； for the first time； some cold water； and again a month afterwards； when a piece of ripe cherry was put into his mouth。 This was shown by the lips and whole mouth assuming a shape which allowed the contents to run or fall quickly out； the tongue being likewise protruded。 These movements were accompanied by a little shudder。 It was all the more comical； as I doubt whether the child felt real disgust the eyes and forehead expressing much surprise and consideration。 The protrusion of the tongue in letting a nasty object fall out of the mouth； may explain how it is that lolling out the tongue universally serves as a sign of contempt and hatred。＇11＇
＇10＇ Both these quotations are given by Mr。 H。 Wedgwood； ‘On the Origin of Language；' 1866； p。 75。
We have now seen that scorn； disdain； contempt； and disgust are expressed in many different ways； by movements of the features； and by various gestures； and that these are the same throughout the world。 They all consist of actions representing the rejection or exclusion of some real object which we dislike or abhor； but which does not excite in us certain other strong emotions； such as rage or terror； and through the force of habit and association similar actions are performed； whenever any analogous sensation arises in our minds。
_Jealousy； Envy； Avarice； Revenge； Suspicion； Deceit； Slyness； Guilt； Vanity； Conceit； Ambition； Pride； Humility； &c_。It is doubtful whether the greater number of the above complex states of mind are revealed by any fixed expression； sufficiently distinct to be described or delineated。 When Shakspeare speaks of Envy as _lean…faced_； or _black_； or _pale_； and Jealousy as 〃_the green…eyed monster_；〃 and when Spenser describes Suspicion as 〃_foul； ill…favoured； and grim_；〃 they must have felt this difficulty。 Nevertheless； the above feelingsat least many of them can be detected by the eye； for instance； conceit； but we are often guided in a much greater degree than we suppose by our previous knowledge of the persons or circumstances。
My correspondents almost unanimously answer in the affirmative to my query； whether the expression of guilt and deceit can be recognized amongst the various races of man； and I have confidence in their answers； as they generally deny that jealousy can thus be recognized。 In the cases in which details are given； the eyes are almost always referred to。 The guilty man is said to avoid looking at his accuser； or to give him stolen looks。 The eyes are said 〃to be turned askant；〃 or 〃to waver from side to side；〃 or 〃the eyelids to be lowered and partly closed。〃 This latter remark is made by Mr。 Hagenauer with respect to the Australians； and by Gaika with respect to the Kafirs。 The restless movements of the eyes apparently follow； as will be explained when we treat of blushing； from the guilty man not enduring to meet the gaze of his accuser。 I may add； that I have observed a guilty expression； without a shade of fear； in some of my own children at a very early age。 In one instance the expression was unmistakably clear in a child two years and seven months old； and led to the detection of his little crime。 It was shown； as I record in my notes made at the time； by an unnatural brightness in the eyes； and by an odd； affected manner； impossible to describe。
＇11＇ This is stated to be the case by Mr。 Tylor （Early Hist。 of Mankind； 2nd edit。 1870； p。 52）； and he adds； 〃it is not clear why this should be so。〃
Slyness is also； I believe； exhibited chiefly by movements about the eyes； for these are less under the control of the will； owing to the force of long…continued habit； than are the movements of the body。 Mr。 Herbert Spencer remarks；＇12＇ 〃When there is a desire to see something on one side of the visual field without being supposed to see it； the tendency is to check the conspicuous movement of the head； and to make the required adjustment entirely with the eyes； which are； therefore； drawn very much to one side。 Hence； when the eyes are turned to one side； while the face is not turned to the same side； we get the natural language of what is called slyness。〃
＇12＇ ‘Principles of Psychology；' 2nd edit。 1872； p。 552。
Of all the above…named complex emotions； Pride； perhaps； is the most plainly expressed。 A proud man exhibits his sense of superiority over others by holding his head and body erect。 He is haughty （_haut_）； or high； and makes himself appear as large as possible； so that metaphorically he is said to be swollen or puffed up with pride。 A peacock or a turkey…cock strutting about with puffed…up feathers； is sometimes said to be an emblem of pride。＇13＇ The arrogant man looks down on others； and with lowered eyelids hardly condescends to see them； or he may show his contempt by slight movements； such as those before described； about the nostrils or lips。 Hence the muscle which everts the lower lip has been called the _musculus superbus_。 In some photographs of patients affected by a monomania of pride； sent me by Dr。 Crichton Browne； the head and body were held erect； and the mouth firmly closed。 This latter action； expressive of decision； follows； I presume； from the proud man feeling perfect self…confidence in himself。 The whole expression of pride stands in direct antithesis to that of humility； so that nothing need here be said of the latter state of mind。
_Helplessness； Impotence： Shrugging the shoulders_。When a man wishes to show that he cannot do something； or prevent something being done； he often raises with a quick movement both shoulders。 At the same time； if the whole gesture is completed； he bends his elbows closely inwards； raises his open hands； turning them outwards； with the fingers separated。 The head is often thrown a little on one side； the eyebrows are elevated； and this causes wrinkles across the forehead。 The mouth is generally opened。 I may mention； in order to show how unconsciously the features are thus acted on； that though I had often intentionally shrugged my shoulders to observe how my arms were placed； I was not at all aware that my eyebrows were raised and mouth opened； until I looked at myself in a glass； and since then I have noticed the same movements in the faces of others。 In the accompanying Plate VI。； figs。 3 and 4； Mr。 Rejlander has successfully acted the gesture of shrugging the shoulders。
＇12＇ Gratiolet （De la Phys。 p。 351） makes this remark； and has some good observations on the expression of pride。 See Sir C。 Bell （‘Anatomy o