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ily； several of whom appear to have met with violent deaths。 The usurpation took place at some period between A。D。 1487 and 1490。
Leaving the Hindu and Portuguese records； we must turn to the Muhammadan historians in order to see what were the political relations existing at this time between Vijayanagar and its hereditary enemies to the north。 Firishtah tells us of no event occurring between the year 1443 and 1458 A。D。 to disturb the peaceful conditions then existing。 Kulbarga was itself in too troubled a condition to venture on further national complications。 Internal disputes and civil war raged in the Dakhan； and the country was divided against itself。 The trouble had begun which ended only with the extinction of the Bahmani monarchy； and the establishment of five rival Muhammadan kingdoms in the place of one。
Ala…ud…din died February 13； A。D。 1458； （？）＇151＇ and was succeeded by his son Humayun； a prince of 〃cruel and sanguinary temper。〃 In the following year Humayun waged war against the country of the Telugus and besieged Devarakonda； which made so stout a resistance that the Dakhani armies were baffled； and retired。 He died on the 5th September 1461；＇152＇ to the great relief of all his subjects。 Mallikarjuna appears to have been then king of Vijayanagar。
Nizam Shah succeeded to the throne； being then only eight years old； but his reign was of short duration。 He was succeeded by his brother Muhammad on July 30； A D。 1463；＇153＇
In the middle of the year 1469； while either Rajasekhara or Virupaksha I。 was the king of Vijayanagar； Mahmud Gawan； Muhammad's minister； marched towards the west； and after a fairly successful campaign attacked Goa； then in the possession of the Raya of Vijayanagar； both by sea and land。 He was completely victorious and captured the place。
The war was probably undertaken in revenge for a cruel massacre of Muhammadans which took place in this Year A。D。 1469； according to Barros。＇154＇ At this period the coast trade was altogether in the hands of the Muhammadans； and they used to import large numbers of horses； principally for the use of the great contending armies in the Dakhan and Vijayanagar。 The Hindu king depended on this supply to a large extent。 In 1469 the Moors at Batecala （Bhatkal） having sold horses to the 〃Moors of Decan；〃 the king of Vijayanagar ordered his vassal at Onor （Honawar） 〃to kill all those Moors as far as possible； and frighten the rest away。〃 The result of this was a terrible massacre； in which 10；000 Musulmans lost their lives。 The survivors fled and settled themselves at Goa； thus founding the city that afterwards became the capital of Portuguese India。 Nuniz alludes to the loss of 〃Goa； Chaull； and Dabull〃 by Vijayanagar in the reign of 〃Verupaca。〃＇155＇ （Purchas states that the massacre took place in 1479 A。D。）
Shortly afterwards there arose to power under the Sultan Muhammad one Yusuf Adil Khan； a slave； who before long grew to such power that he overthrew the Bahmani dynasty； and became himself the first independent sovereign of Bijapur the first 〃Adil Shah。〃 In 1470； says the BURHAN…I MAASIR； the Sultan took Rajahmundry and Kondavid from the king of Orissa。 An inscription at Kondapalle； a fine hill…fort beautifully situated on a range of hills； gives the date as 1470 or 1471； my copy is imperfect。
Firishtah tells us that
〃In the year 877 （A。D。 1472 73） Perkna； roy of the fortress of Balgoan； at the instigation of the prince of Beejanuggur； marched to retake the island of Goa。。。。 Mahummud Shaw； immediately upon intelligence of this irruption； collected his forces and moved against Balgoan； a fortress of great strength； having round it a deep wet ditch； and near it a pass； the only approach； defended by redoubts。〃
The attack ended in the reduction of the place； when the Sultan returned to Kulbarga。
The BURHAN…I MAASIR CALLS the chief of Belgaum 〃Parkatapah；〃 and Major King； the translator of the work； gives a large variety of spellings of the name； viz。： 〃Birkanah；〃 〃Parkatabtah；〃 〃Parkatiyah；〃 〃Parkitah；〃 〃Barkabtah。〃＇156＇ Briggs gives it as 〃Birkana。〃 It has been supposed that the real name was Vikrama。
About the year 1475 there was a terrible famine in the Dakhan and the country of the Telugus； which lasted for two years。 At its close the Hindu population of Kondapalle revolted； murdered the Muhammadan governor； and invited aid from the king of Orissa。 This monarch accordingly advanced and laid siege to Rajahmundry； which was then the governorship of Nizam…ul…Mulkh； but on the Shah marching in person to the relief of the place the army of Orissa retired。 In the latter part of the year 882； which corresponds to March 1478 A。D。； Muhammad penetrated to the capital of Orissa； 〃and used no mercy in slaughtering the inhabitants and laying waste the country of the enemy。〃 The Rajah submitted； and purchased his immunity from further interference on the part of the Sultan by a present of some valuable elephants。
Firishtah and the BURHAN…I MAASIR differ considerably as to what followed。 The former states that； after his raid into Orissa； Muhammad Shah reduced Kondapalle； where he destroyed a temple； slew the Brahman priests attached to it； and ordered a mosque to be erected on its site。 He remained nearly three years at Rajahmundry； secured the Telingana country； expelled some refractory zamindars； and 〃resolved on the conquest of Nursing Raya。〃
〃Nursing；〃 says Firishtah； 〃was a powerful raja； possessing the country between Carnatic＇157＇ and Telingana； extending along the sea…coast； to Matchiliputtum；＇158＇ and had added much of the Beejanuggur territory to his own by conquest； with several strong forts。〃
This was probably the powerful chief Narasimha Raya； a relation of the king of Vijayanagar； who； intrusted with the government of large tracts； was rising rapidly to independence under the weak and feeble monarch whom he finally supplanted。 The Sultan went to Kondapalle；＇159＇ and there was told that； at a distance of ten days' journey； 〃was the temple of Kunchy；＇160＇ the walls and roof of which were plated with gold； ornamented with precious stones；〃 upon receipt of which intelligence the Sultan is said to have made a forced march thither； taking with him only 6000 cavalry； and to have sacked the place。
The account given by the BURHAN…I MAASIR as to Muhammad Shah's proceedings at this period is that on going to Rajahmundry he found there Narasimha Raya 〃with 700；000 cursed infantry； and 500 elephants like mountains of iron；〃 who； in spite of all his pomp and power； fled like a craven on the approach of the army of Islam。 The Sultan then reduced Rajahmundry； which had been held by a HINDU force not Muhammadan； as Firishtah declares。 In November 1480＇161＇ he marched from Rajahmundry to Kondavid； going 〃towards the kingdom of Vijayanagar。〃 After reducing that fortress； he proceeded after a while to Malur； which belonged to Narasimha； 〃who； owing to his numerous army and the extent of his dominions； was the greatest and most powerful of all the rulers of Telingana and Vijayanagar；〃 and who 〃had established himself in the midst of the countries of Kanara and Telingana； and taken possession of most of the districts of the coast and interior of Vijayanagar。〃
While at Malur the Sultan was informed that 〃at a distance of fifty farsakhas from his camp was a city called Ganji；〃 containing temples； &c。； to which he promptly marched； arriving before the place on 13th March A。D。 1481。＇162＇ He sacked the city and returned。
After this the Sultan went to Masulipatam； which he reduced； and thence returned to Kondapalle。 This was his last success。 His cold…blooded murder of the celebrated Mahmud Gawan； his loyal and faithful servant； in 1481； so disgusted the nobles that in a short time the kingdom was dismembered； the chiefs revolted； the dynasty was overthrown； and five independent kingdoms were raised on its ruins。
Muhammad Shah died on 21st March。 A。D。 1482。 Shortly before his death he planned an expedition to relieve Goa from a Vijayanagar army which 〃Sewaroy； Prince of Beejanuggur；〃 had sent there （Firishtah）； but the Sultan's death put a stop to this （BURHAN…I MAASIR）。
We have some further information on the affairs of Kulbarga during the reign of Muhammad Shah in the writings of the Russian traveller Athanasius Nikitin； but it is very difficult to fix the exact date of his sojourn there。 Nikitin was a native of Twer； and set out on his wanderings by permission of the Grand Duke Michael Borissovitch； and his own bishop； Gennadius。 This fixes the time of his start so far that it must have taken place subsequent to 1462； and the author of the 〃Bombay Gazetteer；〃 RE Poonah； assigns the period 1468 to 1474 as that of Nikitin's stay in India。
Nikitin first went to Chaul； and thence travelled by land to Junir。
〃Here resides Asat； Khan of Indian Jooneer； a tributary of Meliktuchar。。。。 He has been fighting the Kofars for twenty years； being sometimes beaten but mostly beating them。〃
By 〃Meliktuchar〃 is probably meant the celebrated minister Mahmud Gawan； who in 1457 A。D。 received the title 〃Mallik…al…Tijar；〃 a title which was borne by the chief amongst the nobility at the Bahmani court。 It meant literally 〃chief of the merchants。〃 The 〃Kofar