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To conclusively establish the fact that this account can only refer to Muhammad Taghlaq of Delhi； who reigned from 1325 to 1351； it is necessary that we should look into the known character of that monarch and the events of his reign。
Nuniz states that his 〃Togao Mamede〃 conquered Gujarat； was at war with Bengal； and had trouble with the Turkomans on the borders of Sheik Ismail； I。E。 Persia。＇16＇ To take these in reverse order。 Early in the reign of Muhammad Taghlaq vast hordes of Moghuls invaded the Panjab and advanced almost unopposed to Delhi； where the king bought them off by payment of immense sums of money。 Next as to Bengal。 Prior to his reign that province had been subdued； had given trouble； and had again been reduced。 In his reign it was crushed under the iron hand of a viceroy from Delhi； Ghiyas…ud…din Bahadur 〃Bura；〃 who before long attempted to render himself independent。 He styled himself Bahadur Shah； and issued his own coinage。 In 1327 （A。H。 728） the legends on his coins acknowledge the overlordship of Delhi； but two years later they describe him as independent king of Bengal。＇17＇ In 1333 Muhammad issued his own coinage for Bengal and proceeded against the rebel。 He defeated him； captured him； flayed him alive； and causing his skin to be stuffed with straw ordered it to be paraded through the provinces of the empire as a warning to ambitious governors。 With reference to Gujarat； Nuniz has been led into a slight error。 Muhammad Taghlaq certainly did go there； but only in 1347。 What he did do was to conquer the Dakhan。 Firishtah mentions among his conquests Dvarasamudra； Malabar； Anegundi （under the name 〃Kampila；〃 for a reason that will presently be explained）； Warangal； &c； and these places 〃were as effectually incorporated with his empire as the villages in the vicinity of Delhi。〃＇18＇ He also held Gujarat firmly。 If； therefore； we venture to correct Nuniz in this respect； and say that 〃Togao Mamede〃 made war on the 〃Dakhan〃 instead of on 〃Gujarat；〃 and then advanced against Anegundi （wrongly called 〃Vijayanagar；〃 which place was not as yet founded） we shall probably be not far from the truth。 The history of 〃Togao Mamede〃 so far is the history of Muhammad Taghlaq。
Then as to the extraordinary stories told of him。 True or not； they apply to that sovereign。 Muhammad is described by contemporary writers as having been one of the wonders of the age。 He was very liberal； especially to those learned in the arts。 He established hospitals for the sick and alm…houses for widows and orphans。 He was the most eloquent and accomplished prince of his time。 He was skilled in many sciences； such as physic； logic； astronomy； and mathematics。 He studied the philosophies and metaphysics of Greece； and was very strict in religious observances。
〃But；〃 continues Firishtah； from whom the above summary is taken； 〃with all these admirable qualities he was wholly devoid of mercy or consideration for his people。 The punishments he inflicted were not only rigid and cruel； but frequently unjust。 So little did he hesitate to spill the blood of God's creatures that when anything occurred which excited him to proceed to that horrid extremity； one might have supposed his object was to exterminate the human species altogether。 No single week passed without his having put to death one or more of the learned and holy men who surrounded him； or some of the secretaries who attended him。〃
The slightest opposition to his will drove him into almost insane fury； and in these fits he allowed his natural ferocity full play。 His whole life was spent in visionary schemes pursued by means equally irrational。 He began by distributing enormous sums of money amongst his nobles； spending； so it is said； in one day as much as ＇pound sterling＇500；000。 He bought off the invading Moghuls by immense payments instead of repelling them by force of arms。 Shortly after this he raised a huge army for the conquest of Persia； his cavalry； according to Firishtah； numbering 370；000 men。 But nothing came of it except that the troops； not receiving their pay； dispersed and pillaged the country。 Then he decided to try and conquer China and sent 100；000 men into the Himalayas； where almost all of them miserably perished； and when the survivors returned in despair the king put them all to death。 He tried to introduce a depreciated currency into his territories as a means to wealth； issuing copper tokens for gold； which resulted in entire loss of credit and a standstill of trade。 This failing to fill the treasury he next destroyed agriculture by intolerable exactions； the husbandmen abandoned their fields and took to robbery as a trade； and whole tracts became depopulated； the survivors living in the utmost starvation and misery and being despoiled of all that they possessed。 Muhammad exterminated whole tribes as if they had been vermin。 Incensed at the refusal of the inhabitants of a certain harassed tract to pay the inordinate demands of his subordinates； he ordered out his army as if for a hunt； surrounded an extensive tract of country； closed the circle towards the centre； and slaughtered every living soul found therein。 This amusement was repeated more than once； and on a subsequent occasion he ordered a general massacre of all the inhabitants of the old Hindu city of Kanauj。＇19＇ These horrors led of course to famine； and the miseries of the Hindus exceeded all power of description。 On his return from Devagiri on one occasion he caused a tooth which he had lost to be interred in a magnificent stone mausoleum； which is still in existence at Bhir。
But perhaps the best known of his inhuman eccentricities was his treatment of the inhabitants of the great city of Delhi。 Muhammad determined to transfer his capital thence to Devagiri； whose name he changed to Doulatabad。 The two places are six hundred miles apart。 The king gave a general order to every inhabitant of Delhi to proceed forthwith to Devagiri； and prior to the issue of this order he had the entire road lined with full…grown trees； transplanted for the purpose。 The unfortunate people were compelled to obey； and thousands including women； children； and aged persons died by the way。 Ibn Batuta； who was an eye…witness of the scenes of horror to which this gave rise； has left us the following description：
〃The Sultan ordered all the inhabitants to quit the place （Delhi）； and upon some delay being evinced he made a proclamation stating that what person soever； being an inhabitant of that city； should be found in any of its houses or streets should receive condign punishment。 Upon this they all went out； but his servants finding a blind man in one of the houses and a bedridden one in the other； the Emperor commanded the bedridden man to be projected from a balista； and the blind one to be dragged by his feet to Daulatabad； which is at the distance of ten days； and he was so dragged； but his limbs dropping off by the way； only one of his legs was brought to the place intended； and was then thrown into it； for the order had been that they should go to this place。 When I entered Delhi it was almost a desert。〃＇20＇
It is characteristic of Muhammad's whimsical despotism that shortly afterwards he ordered the inhabitants of different districts to go and repeople Delhi； which they attempted to do； but with little success。 Batuta relates that during the interval of desolation the king mounted on the roof of his palace； and seeing the city empty and without fire or smoke said； 〃Now my heart is satisfied and my feelings are appeased。〃
Ibn Batuta was a member of this king's court； and had every opportunity of forming a just conclusion。 He sums up his qualities thus：
〃Muhammad more than all men loves to bestow gifts and to shed blood。 At his gate one sees always some fakir who has become rich； or some living being who is put to death。 His traits of generosity and valour； and his examples of cruelty and violence towards criminals； have obtained celebrity among the people。 But apart from this he is the most humble of men and the one who displays the most equity； the ceremonies of religion are observed at his court； he is very severe in all that concerns prayer and the punishment that follows omission of it 。。。 his dominating quality is generosity。。。。 It rarely happened that the corpse of some one who had been killed was not to be seen at the gate of his palace。 I have often seen men killed and their bodies left there。 One day I went to his palace and my horse shied。 I looked before me and I saw a white heap on the ground； and when I asked what it was one of my companions said it was the trunk of a man cut into three pieces。。。。 Every day hundreds of individuals were brought chained into his hall of audience； their hands tied to their necks and their feet bound together。 Some were killed； and others were tortured or well beaten。〃＇21＇
A man of these seemingly opposite qualities； charity； generosity； and religious fervour linked to unbridled lust for blood and an apparently overmastering desire to take life； possesses a character so bizarre； so totally opposed to Hindu ideals； that he would almost of necessity be accounted as something superhuman； monstrous； a saint with the heart of a devil； or a fiend with the soul of a