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have had in his mind the Travancore MAN。 Even if he was thinking of the Madras MAN； which is not likely； his estimate of the weight of the gold carried off amounted to 2；400；000 lbs。
Whether we accept these amounts or not； there can be no manner of doubt that the richness of the temples was very great； and the reason is easy to see。 The country had always been subject to Hindu kings； and treasures had year by year accumulated。 The Brahmans exacted gifts and payments from the people on all occasions。 Kings and chiefs； merchants and landowners； vied with one another in presenting rich offerings to their favourite places of worship； and when it is remembered that this practice had been going on from time immemorial； it need be no matter for wonder that the man who first violently despoiled the sacred buildings departed from the country laden with an almost incredible amount of booty。 Colonel Dow； in his translation of the works of Firishtah （i。 307）； computes the value of the gold carried off by Malik Kafur at a hundred millions sterling of our money。
CHAPTER C
Portuguese Viceroys and Governors of Goa
（A。D。 1505 TO 1568。）
A。D。 Dom Francisco de Almeida （VICEROY） 1505 1509 Afonso de Albuquerque （GOVERNOR） 1509 1515 Lopo Soares de Albergaria （GOVERNOR） 1515 1518 Diogo Lopes de Sequeira （GOVERNOR） 1518 1521 Dom Duarte de Menezes （GOVERNOR） 1521 1524 Dom Vasco da Gama； Conde de Vidigueria （VICEROY） 1524 Dom Henrique de Menezes （GOVERNOR） 1525 1526 Lopo Vaz de Sampaio （GOVERNOR） 1526 1529 Nuno da Cunha （GOVERNOR） 1529 1538 Dom Garcia de Noronha （VICEROY） 1538 1540 Dom Estevao da Gama （GOVERNOR） 1540 1542 Martim Affonso de Sousa （GOVERNOR） 1542 1545 Dom Joao de Castro （GOVERNOR AND CAPTAIN…IN…CHIEF） 1545 1547 ；； ；； （VICEROY） 1547 1548 Garcia de Sa （GOVERNOR） 1548 1549 Jorge Cabral （GOVERNOR） 1549 1550 Dom Affonso de Noronha （VICEROY） 1550 1554 Dom Pedro Mascarenhas （VICEROY） 1554 1555 Francisco Barreto （GOVERNOR） 1555 1558 Dom Constantino de Braganza （VICEROY） 1558 1561 Dom Francisco Coutinho； Conde de Redondo （VICEROY） 1561 1564 Joao de Medonca （GOVERNOR） 1564 Dom Antonio de Noronha （VICEROY） 1564 1568
＇The above List is extracted from Mr。 Danvers's work； 〃The Portuguese in India〃 （vol。 ii。 p。 487）。 The author continues the List to the present day。＇
NOTES
＇1＇ Translation of the 〃Chronica dos reis de Bisnaga〃； written by Domingos Paes and Fernao Nunes about 1520 and 1535； respectively； with historical introduction。 Includes bibliographical references。
＇2＇ The letters from China were copied by a different hand。
＇3＇ Barros was apparently never himself in India； but held an official position in the India Office in Lisbon。 His work was completed in four Decadas。 Couto repeats the fourth DECADA of Barros； and continues the history in eight more DECADAS。 The first three DECADAS of Barros were published in A。D。 1552； 1553； and 1563； bringing the history down to 1527； under the title of DOS FEITOS QUE OS PORTUGUESES FIZERAM NO DESCUBRIMENTO E CONQUISTA DOS MARES E TERRAS DO ORIENTE。 His fourth DECADA； published by Couto； dealt with the period A。D。 1527 to 1539； and contained an account of the events that occurred during the governorships of Lopo Vaz de Sampaio and Nuno da Cunha。 Couto's own eight DECADAS covered the subsequent period down to 1600。 The combined work is generally called the DA ASIA。 Couto completed his publication in 1614。 The fourth DECADA was published in 1602； the fifth in 1612； the sixth in 1614； the seventh in 1616； the year of his death。 Couto spent almost all his life in India； for which country he embarked in 1556。
＇4＇ CHRONICA DOS REIS DE BISNAGA； by David Lopes； S。S。G。L。 Lisbon； 1897： at the National Press。 The extract given is taken from his Introduction； p。 lxxxvi。
＇5＇ Firishtah was a Persian of good family； and was born about 1570 A。D。 Early in his life he was taken by his father to India； and resided all his life at the Court of the Nizam Shahs of Ahmadnagar； rejoicing in royal patronage。 He appears to have begun to compile his historical works at an early age； since his account of the Bijapur kings was finished in 1596。 He appears to have died not long after the year 1611； which is the latest date referred to in any of his writings。
＇6＇ According to tradition the wealth carried off was something fabulous。 See Appendix B。
＇7＇ It is highly probable that amongst the hills and crags about the upper fortress of Anegundi there may be found remains of a date long prior to the fourteenth century； and it is much to be regretted that up to now no scientific examination of that tract； which lies in the present territories of Haidarabad； has been carried out。 Want of leisure always prevented my undertaking any exploration north of the river； but from the heights of Vijayanagar on the south side I often looked wistfully at the long lines of fortification visible on the hills opposite。 It is to be hoped that ere long the Government of Madras may place us in possession of a complete map of Vijayanagar and its environs； showing the whole area enclosed by the outermost line of fortifications； and including the outworks and suburbs。 Hospett and Anegundi were both part of the great city in its palmy days； and Kampli appears to have been a sort of outpost。
＇8＇ Nuniz erroneously gives the date as 1230。 The error will be commented on hereafter。
＇9＇ Scott； i。 45； 46。
＇10＇ Delhi。
＇11＇ The Portuguese historians often mistook 〃Cambay〃 for the name of the country； and 〃Gujarat〃 for one of its dependencies。
＇12＇ SIC。 The meaning is doubtful。
＇13＇ There is evidently a confusion here between tales of the doings of Muhammad Taghlaq and much older legends of Rama's Bridge and his army of monkeys。
＇14＇ Mallik Naib。 （See the chronicle below； pp。 296； 297。）
＇15＇ 〃Your honour〃 was probably the historian Barros （see preface）。
＇16＇ Sheik Ismail's power in Persia dates from early in the sixteenth century。 Duarte Barbosa； who was in India in 1514 and wrote in 1516； mentions him as contemporary。 He had subjugated Eastern Persia by that time and founded the Shiah religion。 Barbosa writes： 〃He is a Moor and a young man；〃 and states that he was not of royal lineage （Hakluyt edit。 p。 38）。 Nuniz was thus guilty of an anachronism； but he describes Persia as he knew it。
＇17＇ 〃Chronicle of the Pathan Kings of Delhi；〃 by Edward Thomas； p。 200。
＇18＇ Firishtah （Briggs； i。 413）。
＇19＇ Elphinstone； 〃History of India；〃 ii。 62。
＇20＇ Lee's translation； p。 144。
＇21＇ Sir H。 Elliot's 〃History of India；〃 iii。 215。
＇22＇ If we add together the number of years of the reigns of kings of Vijayanagar given by Nuniz prior to that of Krishna Deva Raya （〃Crisnarao〃）； we find that the total is 180 （Senhor Lopes； Introduction； p。 lxx。）。 The date of the beginning of the reign of Krishna Deva Raya is known to be 1509 10 A。D。； whence we obtain 1379 80 A。D。 as the foundation of the empire in the person of 〃Dehorao〃 according to the chronicle。 This is not quite accurate； but it helps to prove that 〃1230〃 is a century too early。
＇23＇ Batuta was a native of Tangiers； his name being Sheik Abu' Abdullah Muhammad。 He arrived at the Indus on the 1 Muharram A。H。 734 （September 12； 1333 A。D。）； and he seems to have resided in India till 1342。
＇24＇ The narrative is given in the French translation of Ibn Batuta's travels； by Defremery and Sanguinetti （vol。 iii。 pp。 318 320）。 See also Sir Henry Elliot's 〃History of India〃 （vol。 iii。 pp。 615 616）。
＇25＇ Firishtah's account is somewhat different； and he gives the date A。H。 739； or July 20； 1338； to July 9； 1339。 But I consider the narrative of Ibn Batuta to be far the most reliable； since he wrote from personal experience； while Firishtah compiled his story two and a half centuries later。
＇26＇ This was Ghiyas…ud…din Bahadur Bura of Bengal； mentioned above。
＇27＇ This tale is told of the rise of almost every kingdom； principality； or large zamindari in Southern India； the usual variant being the discovery of a hidden treasure。
＇28＇ I think that there can be little doubt that this derivation； though often given； is erroneous； and that the name was 〃City of Victory；〃 not 〃City of Learning；〃 VIJAYA； not VIDYA。 VYDIAJUNA evidently represents VIDYARJUNA。
＇29＇ Buchanan （〃Mysore；〃 &c。； iii。 110）； while on a visit to Beidur in Mysore in 1801； was shown by one Ramappa Varmika a Sanskrit book in his possession called the VIDYARAYANA SIKKA； which relates that the founders of Vijayanagar were Hukka and Bukka； guards of the treasury of Pratapa Rudra of Warangal。 These young men came to the Guru； or spiritual teacher； Vidyaranya； who was head of the monastery of Sringeri； and the latter founded for them the city of Vijayanagar。 This was in 1336； and Hukka was made first king。 But this story entirely leaves out of account the most important point。 How could two brothers； flying from a captured capital and a conquered kingdom； suddenly establish in a new country a great city and a sovereignty？
＇30＇ DECADA VI。 l。 v。 c。 4。
＇31＇ 〃India in the Fifteenth Century；〃 Hakluyt edit。； p。 29。
＇32＇ JOURNAL BOMBAY BR。 R。A。S。； xii