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｛atimetos metanastes｝ of Homer； 〃Il。〃 ix。 648）； the reference is not
to disabilities in the technical sense； but to humiliating duties； such
as the ｛skaphephoria｝ imposed on the men； or the ｛udriaphoria｝ and
｛skiadephoria｝ imposed on their wives and daughters in attendance
on the ｛kanephoroi｝ at the Panathenaic and other festival
processions。 See Arist。 〃Eccles。〃 730 foll。； Boeckh； 〃P。 E。 A。〃 IV。 x。
（Eng。 tr。 G。 Cornewall Lewis； p。 538）。
＇5＇ Or； reading ｛megas men gar o agon； mega de kai to apo ton
tekhnon kai ton oikeion apienai｝； after Zurborg （〃Xen。 de Reditibus
Libellus；〃 Berolini； MDCCCLXXVI。）； transl。 〃since it is severe
enough to enter the arena of war； but all the worse when that implies
the abandonment of your trade and your domestic concerns。〃
＇6＇ Or； 〃instead of finding themselves brigaded as nowadays with a
motley crew of Lydians；〃 etc。
＇7＇ Zurborg； after Cobet； omits the words so rendered。
＇8＇ See 〃Hipparch。〃 ix。 3； where Xenophon in almost identical words
recommends that reform。 In the next place； seeing that there are at
present numerous building sites within the city walls as yet devoid of
houses； supposing the state were to make free grants of such land＇9＇ to
foreigners for building purposes in cases where there could be no doubt as
to the respectability of the applicant； if I am not mistaken； the result of
such a measure will be that a larger number of persons； and of a better
class； will be attracted to Athens as a place of residence。
＇9＇ Or； 〃offer the fee simple of such property to。〃
Lastly； if we could bring ourselves to appoint； as a new government
office； a board of guardians of foreign residents like our Guardians of
Orphans；＇10＇ with special privileges assigned to those guardians who
should show on their books the greatest number of resident aliens such a
measure would tend to improve the goodwill of the class in question； and
in all probability all people without a city of their own would aspire to the
status of foreign residents in Athens； and so further increase the revenues
of the city。＇11＇
＇10＇ 〃The Archon was the legal protector of all orphans。 It was his
duty to appoint guardians； if none were named in the father's will。〃
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On Revenues
C。 R。 Kennedy； Note to 〃Select Speeches of Demosthenes。〃 The
orphans of those who had fallen in the war （Thuc。 ii。 46） were
specially cared for。
＇11＇ Or； 〃help to swell the state exchequer。〃
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On Revenues
III
At this point I propose to offer some remarks in proof of the attractions
and advantages of Athens as a centre of commercial enterprise。 In the first
place； it will hardly be denied that we possess the finest and safest
harbourage for shipping； where vessels of all sorts can come to moorings
and be laid up in absolute security＇1＇ as far as stress of weather is
concerned。 But further than that； in most states the trader is under the
necessity of lading his vessel with some merchandise＇2＇ or other in
exchange for his cargo； since the current coin＇3＇ has no circulation beyond
the frontier。 But at Athens he has a choice： he can either in return for his
wares export a variety of goods； such as human beings seek after； or； if he
does not desire to take goods in exchange for goods； he has simply to
export silver； and he cannot have a more excellent freight to export； since
wherever he likes to sell it he may look to realise a large percentage on his
capital。＇4＇
＇1＇ Reading ｛adeos｝ after Cobet； or if ｛edeos｝； transl。 〃in perfect
comfort。〃
＇2＇ Or； 〃of exchanging cargo for cargo to the exclusion of specie。〃
＇3＇ I。e。 of the particular locality。 See 〃The Types of Greek Coins；〃
Percy Gardner； ch。 ii。 〃International Currencies among the Greeks。〃
＇4＇ Or； 〃on the original outlay。〃
Or again； supposing prizes＇5＇ were offered to the magistrates in charge
of the market＇6＇ for equitable and speedy settlements of points in
dispute＇7＇ to enable any one so wishing to proceed on his voyage without
hindrance； the result would be that far more traders would trade with us
and with greater satisfaction。
＇5＇ Cf。 〃Hiero；〃 ix。 6； 7； 11； 〃Hipparch。〃 i。 26。
＇6＇ ｛to tou emporiou arkhe｝。 Probably he is referring to the
｛epimeletai emporiou｝ （overseers of the market）。 See Harpocr。 s。v。；
Aristot。 〃Athenian Polity；〃 51。
＇7＇ For the sort of case； see Demosth。 （or Deinarch。） 〃c。 Theocr。〃
1324； Zurborg ad loc。； Boeckh； I。 ix。 xv。 （pp。 48； 81； Eng。 tr。）
It would indeed be a good and noble institution to pay special marks of
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On Revenues
honour； such as the privilege of the front seat； to merchants and
shipowners； and on occasion to invite to hospitable entertainment those
who； through something notable in the quality of ship or merchandise；
may claim to have done the state a service。 The recipients of these honours
will rush into our arms as friends； not only under the incentive of gain； but
of distinction also。
Now the greater the number of people attracted to Athens either as
visitors or as residents； clearly the greater the development of imports and
exports。 More goods will be sent out of the country；＇8＇ there will be more
buying and selling； with a consequent influx of money in the shape of
rents to individuals and dues and customs to the state exchequer。 And to
secure this augmentation of the revenues； mind you； not the outlay of one
single penny； nothing needed beyond one or two philanthropic measures
and certain details of supervision。＇9＇
＇8＇ See Zurborg； 〃Comm。〃 p。 24。
＇9＇ See Aristot。 〃Pol。〃 iv。 15； 3。
With regard to the other sources of revenue which I contemplate； I
admit； it is different。 For these I recognise the necessity of a capital＇10＇ to
begin with。 I am not； however； without good hope that the citizens of this
state will contribute heartily to such an object； when I reflect on the large
sums subscribed by the state on various late occasions； as； for instance；
when reinforcements were sent to the Arcadians under the command of
Lysistratus；＇11＇ and again at the date of the generalship of Hegesileos。＇12＇
I am well aware that ships of war are frequently despatched and that
too＇13＇ although it is uncertain whether the venture will be for the better
or for the worse； and the only certainty is that the contributor will not
recover the sum subscribed nor have any further share in the object for
which he gave his contribution。＇14＇
＇10＇ 〃A starting…point。〃
＇11＇ B。C。 366； cf。 〃Hell。〃 VII。 iv。 3。
＇12＇ B。C。 362； cf。 〃Hell。〃 VII。 v。 15。 See Grote； 〃H。 G。〃 x。 459；
Ephor。 ap。 Diog。 Laert。 ii。 54； Diod。 Sic。 xv。 84； Boeckh； ap。 L。
Dindorf。 Xenophon's son Gryllus served under him and was slain。
＇13＇ Reading ｛kai tauta toutout men adelou ontos｝； after Zurborg。
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On Revenues
＇14＇ Reading ｛＇uper＇ on an eisenegkosi｝ with Zurborg。 See his note；
〃Comm。〃 p。 25。
But for a sound investment＇15＇ I know of nothing comparable with the
initial outlay to form this fund。＇16＇ Any one whose contribution amounts
to ten minae＇17＇ may look forward to a return as high as he would get on
bottomry； of nearly one…fifth；＇18＇ as the recipient of three obols a day。 The
contributor of five minae＇19＇ will on the same