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ing many to loftier conceptions of duty； and to a higher and purer life？ And might he not now； by a grand attack upon Pharisaism in its central stronghold； destroy its prestige in the eyes of the people； and cause Israel to adopt a nobler religious and ethical doctrine？ The temerity of such a purpose detracts nothing from its sublimity。 And if that purpose should be accomplished； Jesus would really have performed the legitimate work of the Messiah。 Thus； from his own point of view； Jesus was thoroughly consistent and rational in announcing himself as the expected Deliverer； and in the eyes of the impartial historian his course is fully justified。
〃From that time；〃 says the first evangelist； 〃Jesus began to show to his disciples that he must go to Jerusalem； and suffer many things from the elders and chief priests and scribes； and be put to death； and rise again on the third day。〃 Here we have； obviously； the knowledge of the writer； after the event； reflected back and attributed to Jesus。 It is of course impossible that Jesus should have predicted with such definiteness his approaching death； nor is it very likely that he entertained any hope of being raised from the grave 〃on the third day。〃 To a man in that age and country； the conception of a return from the lower world of shades was not a difficult one to frame； and it may well be that Jesus' sense of his own exalted position was sufficiently great to inspire him with the confidence that； even in case of temporary failure； Jehovah would rescue him from the grave and send him back with larger powers to carry out the purpose of his mission。 But the difficulty of distinguishing between his own words and the interpretation put upon them by his disciples becomes here insuperable； and there will always be room for the hypothesis that Jesus had in view no posthumous career of his own； but only expressed his unshaken confidence in the success of his enterprise； even after and in spite of his death。
At all events； the possibility of his death must now have been often in his mind。 He was undertaking a wellnigh desperate task；to overthrow the Pharisees in Jerusalem itself。 No other alternative was left him。 And here we believe Mr。 F。 W。 Newman to be singularly at fault in pronouncing this attempt of Jesus upon Jerusalem a foolhardy attempt。 According to Mr。 Newman； no man has any business to rush upon certain death； and it is only a crazy fanatic who will do so。＇21＇ But such 〃glittering generalizations〃 will here help us but little。 The historic data show that to go to Jerusalem； even at the risk of death； was absolutely necessary to the realization of Jesus' Messianic project。 Mr。 Newman certainly would not have had him drag out an inglorious and baffled existence in Syro…Phoenicia。 If the Messianic kingdom was to be fairly inaugurated； there was work to be done in Jerusalem； and Jesus must go there as one in authority； cost what it might。 We believe him to have gone there in a spirit of grand and careless bravery； yet seriously and soberly； and under the influence of no fanatical delusion。 He knew the risks； but deliberately chose to incur them； that the will of Jehovah might be accomplished。
We next hear of Jesus travelling down to Jerusalem by way of Jericho； and entering the sacred city in his character of Messiah； attended by a great multitude。 It was near the time of the Passover； when people from all parts of Galilee and Judaea were sure to be at Jerusalem； and the nature of his reception seems to indicate that he had already secured a considerable number of followers upon whose assistance he might hope to rely； though it nowhere appears that he intended to use other than purely moral weapons to insure a favourable reception。 We must remember that for half a century many of the Jewish people had been constantly looking for the arrival of the Messiah； and there can be little doubt that the entry of Jesus riding upon an ass in literal fulfilment of prophecy must have wrought powerfully upon the imagination of the multitude。 That the believers in him were very numerous must be inferred from the cautious； not to say timid； behaviour of the rulers at Jerusalem； who are represented as desiring to arrest him； but as deterred from taking active steps through fear of the people。 We are led to the same conclusion by his driving the money…changers out of the Temple； an act upon which he could hardly have ventured； had not the popular enthusiasm in his favour been for the moment overwhelming。 But the enthusiasm of a mob is short…lived； and needs to be fed upon the excitement of brilliant and dramatically arranged events。 The calm preacher of righteousness； or even the fiery denouncer of the scribes and Pharisees； could not hope to retain undiminished authority save by the display of extraordinary powers to which； so far as we know； Jesus （like Mohammed） made no presence （Matt。 xvi。 1…4）。 The ignorant and materialistic populace could not understand the exalted conception of Messiahship which had been formed by Jesus； and as day after day elapsed without the appearance of any marvellous sign from Jehovah； their enthusiasm must naturally have cooled down。 Then the Pharisees appear cautiously endeavouring to entrap him into admissions which might render him obnoxious to the Roman governor。 He saw through their design； however； and foiled them by the magnificent repartee； 〃Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's； and unto God the things that are God's。〃 Nothing could more forcibly illustrate the completely non…political character of his Messianic doctrines。 Nevertheless； we are told that； failing in this attempt； the chief priests suborned false witnesses to testify against him： this Sabbath…breaker； this derider of Mosaic formalism； who with his Messianic pretensions excited the people against their hereditary teachers； must at all events be put out of the way。 Jesus must suffer the fate which society has too often had in store for the reformer； the fate which Sokrates and Savonarola； Vanini and Bruno； have suffered for being wiser than their own generation。 Messianic adventurers had already given much trouble to the Roman authorities； who were not likely to scrutinize critically the peculiar claims of Jesus。 And when the chief priests accused him before Pilate of professing to be 〃King of the Jews；〃 this claim could in Roman apprehension bear but one interpretation。 The offence was treason； punishable； save in the case of Roman citizens； by crucifixion。
＇21＇ Phases of Faith； pp。 158…164。
Such in its main outlines is the historic career of Jesus； as constructed by our author from data furnished chiefly by the first gospel。 Connected with the narrative there are many interesting topics of discussion； of which our rapidly diminishing space will allow us to select only one for comment。 That one is perhaps the most important of all； namely； the question as to how far Jesus anticipated the views of Paul in admitting Gentiles to share in the privileges of the Messianic kingdom。 Our author argues； with much force； that the designs of Jesus were entirely confined to the Jewish people； and that it was Paul who first； by admitting Gentiles to the Christian fold without requiring them to live like Jews； gave to Christianity the character of a universal religion。 Our author reminds us that the third gospel is not to be depended upon in determining this point； since it manifestly puts Pauline sentiments into the mouth of Jesus； and in particular attributes to Jesus an acquaintance with heretical Samaria which the first gospel disclaims。 He argues that the apostles were in every respect Jews； save in their belief that Jesus was the Messiah； and he pertinently asks； if James； who was the brother of Jesus； and Peter and John； who were his nearest friends； unanimously opposed Paul and stigmatized him as a liar and heretic； is it at all likely that Jesus had ever distinctly sanctioned such views as Paul maintained？
In the course of many years' reflection upon this point； we have several times been inclined to accept the narrow interpretation of Jesus' teaching here indicated； yet； on the whole； we do not believe it can ever be conclusively established。 In the first place it must be remembered that if the third gospel throws a Pauline colouring over the events which it describes； the first gospel also shows a decidedly anti…Pauline bias； and the one party was as likely as the other to attribute its own views to Jesus himself。 One striking instance of this tendency has been pointed out by Strauss； who has shown that the verses Matt。 v。 17…20 are an interpolation。 The person who teaches men to break the commandments is undoubtedly Paul； and in order to furnish a text against Paul's followers； the 〃Nicolaitans；〃 Jesus is made to declare that he came not to destroy one tittle of the law； but to fulfil the whole in every particular。 Such an utterance is in manifest contradiction to the spirit of Jesus' teaching； as shown in the very same chapter； and throughout a great part of the same gospel。 He who taught in his own name and not as the scribes； who proclaimed himself Lord over the Sabbath； and who manifested from first to last a more than Essenian contempt for rites and ceremonies； did not come to