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England and Scotland differ； indeed； in law； in history； in
religion； in education； and in the very look of nature and men's
faces； not always widely； but always trenchantly。 Many particulars
that struck Mr。 Grant White； a Yankee； struck me； a Scot； no less
forcibly； he and I felt ourselves foreigners on many common
provocations。 A Scotchman may tramp the better part of Europe and
the United States； and never again receive so vivid an impression
of foreign travel and strange lands and manners as on his first
excursion into England。 The change from a hilly to a level country
strikes him with delighted wonder。 Along the flat horizon there
arise the frequent venerable towers of churches。 He sees at the
end of airy vistas the revolution of the windmill sails。 He may go
where he pleases in the future； he may see Alps； and Pyramids； and
lions； but it will be hard to beat the pleasure of that moment。
There are； indeed； few merrier spectacles than that of many
windmills bickering together in a fresh breeze over a woody
country； their halting alacrity of movement； their pleasant
business； making bread all day with uncouth gesticulations； their
air； gigantically human； as of a creature half alive； put a spirit
of romance into the tamest landscape。 When the Scotch child sees
them first he falls immediately in love； and from that time forward
windmills keep turning in his dreams。 And so； in their degree；
with every feature of the life and landscape。 The warm； habitable
age of towns and hamlets； the green； settled； ancient look of the
country； the lush hedgerows； stiles； and privy path…ways in the
fields； the sluggish； brimming rivers； chalk and smock…frocks；
chimes of bells and the rapid； pertly…sounding English speech …
they are all new to the curiosity； they are all set to English airs
in the child's story that he tells himself at night。 The sharp
edge of novelty wears off； the feeling is scotched； but I doubt
whether it is ever killed。 Rather it keeps returning； ever the
more rarely and strangely； and even in scenes to which you have
been long accustomed suddenly awakes and gives a relish to
enjoyment or heightens the sense of isolation。
One thing especially continues unfamiliar to the Scotchman's eye …
the domestic architecture； the look of streets and buildings； the
quaint； venerable age of many； and the thin walls and warm
colouring of all。 We have； in Scotland； far fewer ancient
buildings； above all in country places； and those that we have are
all of hewn or harled masonry。 Wood has been sparingly used in
their construction； the window…frames are sunken in the wall； not
flat to the front； as in England； the roofs are steeper…pitched；
even a hill farm will have a massy； square； cold and permanent
appearance。 English houses； in comparison； have the look of
cardboard toys； such as a puff might shatter。 And to this the
Scotchman never becomes used。 His eye can never rest consciously
on one of these brick houses … rickles of brick； as he might call
them … or on one of these flat…chested streets； but he is instantly
reminded where he is； and instantly travels back in fancy to his
home。 〃This is no my ain house； I ken by the biggin' o't。〃 And
yet perhaps it is his own； bought with his own money； the key of it
long polished in his pocket； but it has not yet； and never will be；
thoroughly adopted by his imagination； nor does he cease to
remember that； in the whole length and breadth of his native
country； there was no building even distantly resembling it。
But it is not alone in scenery and architecture that we count
England foreign。 The constitution of society； the very pillars of
the empire； surprise and even pain us。 The dull； neglected
peasant； sunk in matter； insolent； gross and servile； makes a
startling contrast with our own long…legged； long…headed；
thoughtful； Bible…quoting ploughman。 A week or two in such a place
as Suffolk leaves the Scotchman gasping。 It seems incredible that
within the boundaries of his own island a class should have been
thus forgotten。 Even the educated and intelligent； who hold our
own opinions and speak in our own words； yet seem to hold them with
a difference or； from another reason； and to speak on all things
with less interest and conviction。 The first shock of English
society is like a cold plunge。 It is possible that the Scot comes
looking for too much； and to be sure his first experiment will be
in the wrong direction。 Yet surely his complaint is grounded；
surely the speech of Englishmen is too often lacking in generous
ardour； the better part of the man too often withheld from the
social commerce； and the contact of mind with mind evaded as with
terror。 A Scotch peasant will talk more liberally out of his own
experience。 He will not put you by with conversational counters
and small jests； he will give you the best of himself； like one
interested in life and man's chief end。 A Scotchman is vain；
interested in himself and others； eager for sympathy； setting forth
his thoughts and experience in the best light。 The egoism of the
Englishman is self…contained。 He does not seek to proselytise。 He
takes no interest in Scotland or the Scotch； and； what is the
unkindest cut of all； he does not care to justify his indifference。
Give him the wages of going on and being an Englishman； that is all
he asks； and in the meantime； while you continue to associate； he
would rather not be reminded of your baser origin。 Compared with
the grand； tree…like self…sufficiency of his demeanour； the vanity
and curiosity of the Scot seem uneasy； vulgar； and immodest。 That
you should continually try to establish human and serious
relations； that you should actually feel an interest in John Bull；
and desire and invite a return of interest from him； may argue
something more awake and lively in your mind； but it still puts you
in the attitude of a suitor and a poor relation。 Thus even the
lowest class of the educated English towers over a Scotchman by the
head and shoulders。
Different indeed is the atmosphere in which Scotch and English
youth begin to look about them； come to themselves in life； and
gather up those first apprehensions which are the material of
future thought and； to a great extent； the rule of future conduct。
I have been to school in both countries； and I found； in the boys
of the North； something at once rougher and more tender； at once
more reserve and more expansion； a greater habitual distance
chequered by glimpses of a nearer intimacy； and on the whole wider
extremes of temperament and sensibility。 The boy of the South
seems more wholesome； but less thoughtful； he gives himself to
games as to a business； striving to excel； but is not readily
transported by imagination； the type remains with me as cleaner in
mind and body； more active； fonder of eating； endowed with a lesser
and a less romantic sense of life and of the future； and more
immersed in present circumstances。 And certainly； for one thing；
English boys are younger for their age。 Sabbath observance makes a
series of grim； and perhaps serviceable； pauses in the tenor of
Scotch boyhood … days of great stillness and solitude for the
rebellious mind； when in the dearth of books and play； and in the
intervals of studying the Shorter Catechism； the intellect and
senses prey upon and test each other。 The typical English Sunday；
with the huge midday dinner and the plethoric afternoon； leads
perhaps to different results。 About the very cradle of the Scot
there goes a hum of metaphysical divinity； and the whole of two
divergent systems is summed up； not merely speciously； in the two
first questions of the rival catechisms； the English tritely
inquiring； 〃What is your name？〃 the Scottish striking at the very
roots of life with； 〃What is the chief end of man？〃 and answering
nobly； if obscurely； 〃To glorify God and to enjoy Him for ever。〃 I
do not wish to make an idol of the Shorter Catechism； but the fact
of such a question being asked opens to us Scotch a great field of
speculation； and the fact that it is asked of all of us； from the
peer to the ploughboy； binds us more nearly together。 No
Englishman of Byron's age； character； and history would have had
patience for long theological discussions on the way to fight for
Greece； but the daft Gordon blood and the Aberdonian school…days
kept their influence to the end。 We have spoken of the material
conditions； nor need much more be said of these： of the land lying
everywhere more exposed； of the wind always louder and bleaker； of
the black； roaring winters； of the gloom of high…lying； old stone
cities； imminent on the windy seaboard； compared with the level
streets； the warm colouring of the brick； the domestic quaintness
of the archit