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the north american species of-第11章

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t。 Gard。 1893。

This species shows an interesting transition from Coryphantha to Echinocactus。  The woolly groove of the Coryphantha extends from the spine…bearing areola to the axil of the tubercle; where it expands into the flower…bearing areola。  In C。 macromeris the groove extends only about half way down the tubercle and gives origin to the flower…bearing areola on the side of the tubercle; while in Echinocactus the flower…bearing areola becomes adjacent to the spine…bearing areola and the flower appears at the summit of the tubercle。

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE SPECIES。

It seems impossible to make a simple artificial key that will serve as a useful guide to each individual species and variety。  Our knowledge of so many of the species is imperfect; that no set of characters can be applied throughout。  However; as no plants are collected in such fragmentary condition; it will be useful to construct a key based upon such characters as are always likely to be present; even if specific distinctions are not always reached。  In many cases; species are so closely and differently related to each other that the complete descriptions will have to be consulted to determine the differences; and in such cases the artificial key can only indicate the group。  Even the full descriptions are very compact; all characters not necessary for discrimination having been eliminated。  No attempt need be made to determine any species by means of the flowers alone。  In most cases more or less of the plant body will be available; presenting spine and tubercle characters; and these are used in the following key。  The distinction between Eumamillaria and Coryphantha; on the basis of grooveless and grooved tubercles should always be made out easily。  It may be useful to suggest as a caution; however; that often tubercles in drying develop folds which simulate grooves; and especially is this true in quadrangular tubercles。  In such cases it is necessary to restore the original plumpness of the tubercle by boiling; before the presence or absence of the groove can be definitely determined。  The species and varieties are indicated only by their specific or varietal names in the following key; and the numbers refer to the serial numbers of the synoptical presentation。  Forms occurring within the United States are marked with an 〃*〃:

                   I。 Tubercles never grooved。

                     * Central spines none。

Radials 5 to 9; stout。    meiacanthus* (7)。

Radials 20 to 40。    micromeris* (12); greggii (13)。

Radials 40 to 80。    lasiacanthus* (10); denudatus* (11)。    

             ** Central spine solitary and not hooked。

              + Central spine longer than the radials。

Radials 7 or 8: tubercles very long (40 to 50 mm。)。    longimamma (36)。

Radials 15 to 20: tubercles 6 to 8 mm。 long。    eschanzieri (21)。

            ++ Central spine shorter than the radials。

Radials 5 to 9; stout。     meiacanthus* (7)。

Radials 9 to 22。    heyderi* (5); hemisphaericus* (6); gummiferus (8); gabbii (34);    sphaericus (35)。

             *** Central spine solitary and hooked。

          + Stems slender cylindric: Lower Californian。

Centrals 1; 20 to 30 mm。 long。     roseanus (23)。

Centrals 1 to 4; 20 to 50 mm。 long。     setispinus (24)。

            ++ Stems depressed…globose to ovate。

Radials 4 to 6; rigid。     uncinatus (9)。

Radials 8 to 12。     wrightii* (15)。

Radials 15 to 30。     grahami* (19); eschanzieri (21)。

Radials 50 to 60。     barbatus (18)。

   **** Central spines more than one; and none of them hooked。

   + Slender or sometimes stout cylindrical plants; branching at      base: Lower Californian。

   brandegei (3); setispinus (24); halei (25)。

       ++ Depressed…globose to ovate and stout cylindrical。

         ++ Radials few (3 to 12) and rigid: Mexican。

Radials 3: centrals 3。     alternatus (1)

Radials 7 or 8: tubercles 40 to 50 mm。 long。     longimamma (36)。

Radials 10 to 12: tubercles 12 to 15 mm。 long。     gummiferus (8)。            ++++ Radials numerous (16 to 60); capillary or bristle…like。

Radials 15 to 30; slender but rigid (bristly)。     acanthophlegmus(2); densispinus (4); bispinus (14);    rhodanthus (26); sulphureospinus (27); palmeri (29);     pringlei (32)。

Radials 30 to 60 or more; mostly capillary。     tetrancistrus* (22); capillaris (28); texanus* (31);     spaerotrichus (33)。

   ***** Central spines more than one and but one of them hooked。

Radials 10 to 15。     goodrichii* (16); setispinus (24)。

Radials 15 to 30。     pondii (17); grahami* (19); bocasanus (20)。

Radials 30 to 60。     tetrancistrus (22)。

  ****** Central spines more than one; and more then one of them          hooked。

Radials 8 to 12。     wrightii* (15)。

Radials 30 to 60。     tetrancistrus (22)。

      II。 Tubercles with a more or less prominent groove。

                * Central spines none。

       + Radials whitish and rigid; oppressed (pectinate) and           interwoven with adjacent clusters。

Depressed…globose and simple。     compactus (44)。

Globose and simple。     radians* (45); corniferus (47)。

Cespitose。     pectenoides (46); sulcatus* (49)。

            ++ Radials more slender and spreading。

Radials 10 to 17。     missouriensis* (37); similis* (38); macromeris* (64)。

Radials 30 to 50; capillary。     dasyacanthus* (51)。

             ** Central spine solitary; not hooked。

                  + Central spine porrect。

Radials 6 to 17。     missouriensis* (37); robustior* (39); scheerii* (40)。

Radials 30 to 50; white and capillary。     dasyacanthus* (51)。

             ++ Central spine curved downwards。

Radials 8 to 12。     sulcatus* (49)。

Radials 12 to 26。     robustispinus (41); recurvatus (42); corniferus (47);     scolymoides* (48)。

            +++ Central spine erect: Mexican。

Radials 7 or 8: central 50 mm。 long。     salm…dyckianus (43)。

Radials 10 or 11: central 25 to 35 mm。 long。     maculatus (52)。

Radials 13 to 16。     compactus (44)。

         *** Central spine solitary and hooked。

brunneus (53)。

   **** Central spines more than one and none of them hooked。

Centrals 2: radials 6 to 20。     scheerii* (40); robustispinus (41); recurvatus (42);     scolymoides* (48)。

Centrals 3: radials 6 to 40。     scheerii* (40); scolymoides* (48); echinus* (50);     conoideus (54); neo…mexicanus* (59); arizonicus* (60)。

Centrals 4 or 5: radials 6 to 40。     scheerii* (40); scolymoides* (48); echinus* (50);     conoideus (54); tuberculosus* (56); viviparus* (57);     radiosus* (58); neo…mexicanus* (59)。 arizonicus* (60);     macromeris* (64)。

Centrals 6 or 7: radials 12 to 40。     potsii* (55); tuberculosus*(56); viviparus* (57);     neo…mexicanus* (59); arizonicus* (60); chloranthus (62)。

Centrals 8 to 14: radials 12 to 40 or more。     potsii* (55); tuberculosus* (56); viviparus* (57);     neo…mexicanus* (59); deserti* (61); chloranthus* (62);     alversoni* (63)。

               GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

It is only possible to deal with the forms that occur within the borders of the United States; as even individual stations of common Mexican forms are little if at all known。  These United States forms represent a northern extension of an abundant Mexican display。  The group EUMAMILLARIA; containing twelve of the thirty…one forms defined as occurring north of the Rio Grande; makes the feeblest extension northward; at no place being found far from the boundary; and all the twelve are Mexican forms which extend but slightly into the United States。  Only five of the forms are found east of the Pecos: heyderi; the most widely distributed EUMAMILLARIA; extending from the southeastern border of Texas westward along the whole Mexican boundary except in California; hemisphaericus; extending through southern Texas and southern New Mexico; meiacanthus; also along the Mexican border of Texas and New Mexico; texanus; a low ground form of the Rio Grande Valley; extending from the mouth of the river to El Paso; and suggesting a connection with the West Indian stellatus; and sphaericus; another low ground valley form of similar range; but apparently only extending up the Rio Grande to the region of Eagle Pass。

The Pecos forms the eastern boundary of five other EUMAMILLARIA forms: micromeris; extending northward from Coahuila and Chihuahua; apparently only in the mountains between the Pecos and El Paso; wrightii; of similar narrow northward extension; but ranging further northward on the high plains of the Upper Pecos in New Mexico; denudatus; also with a narrow northward extension west of the Pecos; lasiacanthus; extending from Chihuahua with a northern limit between the Pecos and Arizona; and grahami; a Sonoran type which has spread between the Pecos and southeastern California。

The ten preceding forms have evidently entered our borders from the highlands of Sonora and Chihuahua; with the exception of the Rio Grande Valley forms; texanus and sphaericus。  Another species; tetrancistrus; is also a Sonoran type which has reached the eastern slopes of the mountains of southeastern California; and extended through western Arizona to southern Nevada and southern Utah; the most extended northern range of 
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