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and workers 。 。 。 An inviolable attachment 。 。 。 to the constitution；
and mainly to national Sovereignty； to political equality and
constitutional monarchy； which are its most important characteristics
and their almost unanimous sentiment。〃
＇72＇ Governor Morris； letter of June 20； 1792。
＇73＇ 〃Souvenirs〃； by Pasquier （Etienne…Dennis； duc）； chancelier de
France。 in VI volumes； Librarie Plon； Paris 1893。 Vol。 I。 page 84。
＇74＇ Malouet； II。 203。 Every report that came in from the provinces
announced （to the King and Queen） a perceptible amelioration of public
opinion； which was becoming more and more perverted。 That which
reached them was uninfluenced； whilst the opinions of clubs； taverns；
and street…corners gained enormous power； the time being at hand when
there was to be no other power。〃 The figures given above are by
Mallet du Pan； 〃Mémoires；〃 II。 120。
＇75＇ Moniteur； XII。 776 （session of June 28）。 Speech by M。 Lamarque；
in a district court： 〃The incivism of the district courts in general
is well known。〃
＇76＇ Bertand de Molleville； 〃Mémoires；〃 VI。 22。 After having
received the above instructions from the King； Bertrand calls on the
Queen； who makes the same remark： 〃Do you not think that fidelity to
one's oath is the only plan to pursue？〃 〃Yes； Madame； certainly。〃
〃Very well； rest assured that we shall not waver。 Come； M。 Bertrand；
take courage； I hope that with firmness； patience； and what comes of
that； all is not yet lost。〃
＇77＇ M。 de Lavalette； 〃Mémoires；〃 I。 100。 Lavalette； in the
beginning of September； 1792； enlists as a volunteer and sets out；
along with two friends； carrying his knapsack on his back； dressed in
a short and wearing a forage cap。 The following shows the sentiments
of the peasantry： In a village of makers of wooden shoes； near
Vermanton （in the vicinity of Autun）； 〃two days before our arrival a
bishop and two vicars； who were escaping in a carriage； were stopped
by them。 They rummaged the vehicle and found some hundreds of francs；
and； to avoid returning these； they thought it best to massacre their
unfortunate owners。 This sort of occupation seeming more lucrative to
these good people than the other one； they were on the look…out for
all wayfarers。〃 The three volunteers are stopped by a little hump…
backed official and conducted to the municipality； a sort of market；
where their passports are read and their knapsacks are about to be
examined。 〃We were lost； when d'Aubonnes； who was very tall jumped on
the table。 。 。 and began with a volley of imprecations and market
slang which took his hearers by surprise。 Soon raising his style； he
launched out in patriotic terms； liberty； sovereignty of the people；
with such vehemence and in so loud a voice； as to suddenly effect a
great change and bring down thunders of applause。 But the crazy
fellow did not stop there。 Ordering Leclerc de la Ronde imperiously to
mount on the table； he addressed the assemblage： 〃You shall see
whether we are not Paris republicans。 Now； sir； say your republican
catechism … 'What is God？ what are the People？ and what is a King？'
His friend； with an air of contrition and in a nasal tone of voice；
twisting himself about like a harlequin； replies： 'God is matter； the
People are the poor； and the King is a lion； a tiger； an elephant who
tears to pieces； devours； and crushes the people down。'〃 〃They
could no longer restrain themselves。 The shouts； cries； and enthusiasm
were unbounded。 They embraced the actors； hugged them； and bore them
away。 Each strove to carry us home with him； and we had to drink all
round〃
＇78＇ The reader will meet the French expression sans…culottes again
and again in Taine's or any other book about the French revolution。
The nobles wore a kind of breeches terminating under the knee while
tight long stockings； fastened to the trousers； exposed their calves。
The male leg was as important an adornment for the nobles as it was to
be for the women in the 20th Century。 The poor； on the other hand；
wore crude long trousers； mostly without a crease； often without socks
or shoes； barefoot in the summer and wooden shoed in the winter。 （SR）。
＇79＇ The song of 〃Veillons au salut de l'empire〃 belongs to the end
of 1791。 The 〃Marseillaise〃 was composed in April； 1792。
＇80＇ Mercure de France； Nov。 23； 1791。
＇81＇ Philippe de Ségur； 〃Mémoires；〃 I。 （at Fresnes； a village situated
about seven leagues from Paris； a few days after Sep。 2； 1792）。 〃A
band of these demagogues pursued a large farmer of this place；
suspected of royalism and denounced as a monopoliser because he was
rich。 These madmen had seized him； and； without any other form of
trial； were about to put an end to him； when my father ran up to them。
He addressed them； and so successfully as to change their rage into a
no less exaggerated enthusiasm for humanity。 Animated by their new
transports； they obliged the poor farmer； still pale and trembling；
and whom they were just going to hang on its branches； to drink and
dance along with them around the tree of liberty。〃
＇82＇ Lacretelle； 〃Dix ans d'Epreuves；〃 78。 〃The Girondists wanted to
fashion a Roman people out of the dregs of Romulus； and； what is
worse； out of the brigands of the 5th of October。〃
＇83＇ These pages must have made a strong impression upon Lenin when
he read them in the National Library in Paris around 1907。 （SR）。
＇84＇ Lafayette； I。 442。 〃The Girondists sought in the war an
opportunity for attacking with advantage； the constitutionalists of
1791 and their institutions。〃 Brissot （Address to my constituents）。
〃We sought in the war an opportunity to set traps for the king； to
expose his bad faith and his relationship with the emigrant princes。〃
… Moniteur； （session of April 3； 1793）。 Speech by Brissot： 〃'I had
told the Jacobins what my opinion was； and had proved to them that war
was the sole means of unveiling the perfidy of Louis XVI。 The event
has justified my opinion。〃 Buchez et Roux； VIII。 60； 216； 217。 The
decree of the Legislative Assembly is dated Jan。 25； the first money
voted by a club for the making of pikes is on Jan。 31； and the first
article by Brissot； on the red cap； is on Feb。 6。
＇85＇ Buchez et Roux； XIII。 217 （proposal of a woman； member of the
club of l'Evêché； Jan。 31； 1792）。 Articles in the Gazette
Universelle； Feb。11； and in the Patriote Fran？ais； Feb。 13。 …
Moniteur； XI。 576 （session of March 6）。 … Buchez et Roux； XV。
（session of June 10）。 Petition of 8；000 national guards in Paris：
〃This faction which stirs up popular vengeance 。 。 。 which seeks to
put the caps of labor in conflict with the military casques； the pike
with the gun； the rustic's dress with the uniform。〃
＇86＇ Mallet du Pan； 〃Mémoires；〃 II 429 （note of July； 1792）。 … Mercure
de France； March 10； 1792； article by Mallet du Pan。
CHAPTER IV。 The Departments。
I。
Provence in 1792。 Early supremacy of the Jacobins in Marseilles。
Composition of the party。 The club and the municipality。
Expulsion of the 〃Earnest〃 regiment。
Should you like to see the revolutionary tree when； for the first
time； it came fully into leaf； it is in the department of the Bouches…
du…Rh？ne you have to look。 Nowhere else had it been so precocious；
nowhere were local circumstances and native temperament so well
adapted to enhance its growth。 〃 A blistering sky； an excessive
climate； an arid soil； rocks； 。 。 。 savage rivers； torrential or dry
or overburdened；〃 blinding dust； nerves upset by steady northern
blasts or by the intermittent gusts of the sirocco。 A sensual race
choleric and impetuous； with no intellectual or moral ballast； in
which the mixture of Celt and Latin has destroyed the humane suavity
of the Celt and the serious earnestness of the Roman； 〃complete；
tough； powerful； and restless men；〃＇1＇ and yet gay； spontaneous；
eloquent； dupes of their own bombast； suddenly carried away by a flow
of words and superficial enthusiasm。 Their principal city numbering
120；000 souls； in which commercial and maritime risks foster
innovating and adventurous spirits； in which the sight of suddenly…
acquired fortunes expended on sensual enjoyments constantly undermines
all stability of Character； in which politics； like speculation； is a
lottery offering its prizes to audacity； besides all this； a free port
and a rendezvous for lawless nomads； disreputable people； without
steady trade；＇2＇ scoundrels； and blackguards； who； like uprooted；
decaying seaweed； drift from coast to coast around the entire circle
of the Mediterranean sea； a veritable sink filled with the dregs of
twenty corrupt and semi…barbarous civilizations； where the scum of
crime cast forth from the prisons of Genoa； Piedmont； Sicily； indeed；
of all Italy； of Spain； of the Archipelago； and of Barbary；3
accumulates and ferments。2 No wonder that； in such a time the reign of
the mob should be est