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political strife； and now reduced to living on almost gratuitous
distributions of food； to dealing in small wares； to the menial
occupations which chance rarely presents in short； to swindling。
Such is what the observer finds in that portion of the population of
Marseilles most in sight； eager to profit by whatever occurs； easily
won over； active through its necessities； flocking everywhere； and
appearing very numerous 。 。 。 The patriot Escalon had twenty rations a
day； Féri； the journalist； had six； etc。 。 。 Civil officers and
district commissioners still belong； for the most part； to that class
of men which the Revolution had accustomed to live without work； to
making those who shared their principles the beneficiaries of the
nation's favors； and finally； to receiving contributions from gambling
halls and brothels。 These commissioners give notice to their protégés；
even the crooks； when warrants against them are to be enforced。〃
＇3＇ Blanc…Gilly； 〃Réveil d'alarme d'un député de Marseilles〃 （cited in
the Memoirs〃 of Barbaroux； 40； 41）。 Blanc…Gilly must have been
acquainted with these characters； inasmuch as he made use of them in
the August riot； 1789； and for which he was indicted。 … Cf。 Fabre
〃Histoire de Marseilles；〃 II。 422。
＇4＇ 〃Archives Nationales；〃 F7； 3197。 Correspondence of Messrs。
Debourge； Gay； and Lafitte； commissioners sent to Provence to restore
order in accordance with an act of the National Assembly。 Letter of
May 10； 1791。 Letter of May 10。 1791； and passim。
＇5＇ Mayor Martin； says Juste； was a sort of Pétion； weak and vain。
Barbaroux； clerk of the municipality； is the principal opponent of M。
Lieutaud。 … The municipal decree referred to is dated Sept。 10； 1790。
＇6＇ 〃Archives Nationales；〃 F7； 3197。 Letters of three commissioners；
April 13； 17； 18； and May 10； 1791。
＇7＇ Blanc…Gilly； 〃Réveil d'Alarme。〃 Ibid。； 〃Every time that the
national guard marched outside the city walls； the horde of homeless
brigands never failed to close up in their rear and carry devastation
wherever they went。〃
＇8＇ 〃Archives Nationales；〃 F7； 3197。 Correspondence of the three
commissioners； letter of May 10；1791。 〃The municipality of Marseilles
obeys only the decrees it pleases； and for eighteen months has not
paid a cent into the city treasury。…Proclamation of April 13。 …
Letters of April 13 and 18。
＇9＇ 〃Archives Nationales；〃 letter of the municipal officers of
Marseilles to the minister； June 11； 1791。 They demand the recall
of the three commissioners； one of their arguments being as follows：
〃In China； every mandarin against whom public opinion is excited is
dismissed from his place； he is regarded as an ignorant instructor；
who is incapable of gaining the love of children for their parent。〃
＇10＇ 〃Archives Nationales；〃 letter of the commissioners； May 25； 1791。
〃It is evident； on recording the proceedings at Aix and Marseilles；
that only the accusers and the judges were guilty。〃 Petition of the
prisoners； Feb。 1。 〃The municipality； in despair of our innocence and
not knowing how to justify its conduct； is trying to buy up witnesses。
They say openly that it is better to sacrifice one innocent man than
disgrace a whole body。 Such ale the speeches of the sieur Rebecqui；
leading man； and of Madame Elliou； wife of a municipal officer； in the
house of the sieur Rousset。〃
＇11＇ Letter of M。 Lieutaud to the commissioners； May 11 and 18； 1791。
〃If I have not fallen under the assassin's dagger I owe my
preservation to your strict orders and to the good behavior of the
national guard and the regular troops 。 。 。 At the hearing of the case
today； the prosecutor on the part of the commune ventured to threaten
the court with popular opinion and its avenging fury。 。 。 The people；
stirred up against us； and brought there； shouted； 'Let us seize
Lieutaud and take him there by force and if he will not go up the
steps； we will cut his head off！' The hall leading to the courtroom
and the stairways were filled with barefooted vagabonds。〃 Letter of
Cabrol； commander of the national guard； and of the municipal officers
to the commissioners； May 21。 That picket…guard of fifty men on the
great square； is it not rather the cause of a riot than the means of
preventing one？ A requisition to send four national guards inside the
prison； to remain there day and night； is it not insulting citizen
soldiers； whose function it is to see that the laws are maintained；
and not to do jail duty？〃
＇12＇ Letter of M。 d'Olivier； lieutenant…colonel of the Ernest
regiment； May 28。 Extracts from the papers of the secretary to the
municipality； May 28 （Barbaroux is the clerk）。 … Letter of the
commissions； May 29
＇13＇ Letter of the commissioners； June 29。
＇14＇ Letter of M。 Laroque…Dourdan； naval commander at Marseilles； Oct。
18； 1791。 （in relation to the departure of the Swiss regiment）。
＇15＇ The elections are held on the 13th of November； 1791。 Martin； the
former mayor； showed timidity； and Mouraille was elected in his place。
＇16＇ 〃Archives Nationales。〃 F 7 3197。 Letter （printed） of the
Directory to the Minister of War； Jan。 4； 1792。 Letter of the
municipality of Marseilles to the Directory； Jan。 4； and the
Directory's reply。 … Barbaroux； 〃Mémoires；〃 19。 Here we see the
part played by Barbaroux at Marseilles。 Guadet played a similar part
at Bordeaux。 This early political period is essential for a
comprehension of the Girondists。
＇17＇ 〃Archives Nationales。〃 F7； 3195。 Official report of the
municipality of Aix （on the events of Feb。 26）。 March 1st。 Letter
of M。 Villardy； president of the directory； dated Avignon； March 10。
（He barely escaped assassination at Aix。） Ibid。； F7；3196。 Report of
the district administrators of Arles； Feb。 28 （according to private
letters from Aix and Marseilles）。 … Barbaroux； 〃Mémoires〃 （collection
of Berville and Barrière）； 106。 （Narrative of M。 Watteville； major in
the Ernest regiment。 Ibid。； 108 （Report from M。 de Barbentane；
commanding general）。 These two documents show the liberalism； want of
vigor； and the usual indecision of the superior authorities；
especially the military authorities … Mercure de France； March 24；
1792 （letters from Aix）。
＇18＇ 〃Archives Nationales；〃 F7； 3196。 Dispatches of the new Directory
to the Minister； March 24 and April 4； 1792。 〃Since the departure of
the Directory； our administrative assembly is composed of only six
members； notwithstanding our repeated summons to every member of the
Council。 。 。 Only three members of the Council consent to act with us；
the reason is a lack of pecuniary means。〃 The new Directory；
consequently； passes a resolution to indemnify members of the Council。
This； indeed； is contrary to a royal proclamation of Jan。 15； but
〃this proclamation was wrested from the King； on account of his firm
faith。 You must be aware that； in a free nation； the influence of a
citizen on his government must not be estimated by his fortune； such a
principle is false； and destructive of equality of rights。 We trust
that the King will consent to revoke his proclamation。〃
＇19＇ Ib。； Letters of Borelly； vice…president of the Directory； to the
Minister； April 10； 17； and 30； 1792。 Letter from another
administrator； March 10。 〃They absolutely want us to march against
Arles； and to force us to give the order。 … Ibid。； F7； 3195。 Letters
from Aix； March 12 and 16； addressed to M。 Verdet。
＇20＇ 〃Archives Nationales；〃 F7； 3195。 Letter of the administrators of
the department Council to the Minister； March 10； 〃The Council of the
administration is surprised； sir； at the fa1se impressions given you
of the city of Marseilles； it should be regarded as the patriotic
buckler of the department 。 。 。 If the people of Paris did not wait
for orders to destroy the Bastille and begin the Revolution； can you
wonder that in this fiery climate the impatience of good citizens
should make them anticipate legal orders； and that they cannot comply
with the slow forms of justice when their personal safety and the
safety of the country is in peril？〃
＇21＇ 〃Archives Nationales。〃 F7； 3197。 Dispatches of the three
commissioners； passim； and especially those of May 11； June 10 and 19；
1791 （on affairs in Arles）。 〃The property…owners were a long time
subject to oppression。 A few of the factions maintained a reign of
terror over honest folks； who trembled in secret。〃
22 Ibid。； Dispatch of the commissioners； June 19： 〃One of the Mint
gang causes notes to be publicly distributed （addressed to the
unsworn） in these words： 'If you don't 〃piss…off〃 you will have to
deal with the gang from the Mint。'〃
＇23＇ 〃Archives Nationales。〃 F7； 3198。 Narration （printed） of what
occurred at Arles； June 9 and 10； 1791。 Dispatch of M。 Ripert；
royal commissioner； Aug。 5； 1791。 F 7； 3197。 Dispatch of the three
commissioners； June 19。 〃Since then； many of the farm laborers have