按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
＇7＇ Perhaps we should read here 〃to see Buddha；〃 and then ascribe the transformation to the nun herself。 It depends on the punctuation which view we adopt； and in the structure of the passage； there is nothing to indicate that the stop should be made before or after 〃Buddha。〃 And the one view is as reasonable； or rather as unreasonable； as the other。
＇8＇ 〃A holy king who turns the wheel；〃 that is； the military conqueror and monarch of the whole or part of a universe。 〃The symbol；〃 says Eitel （p。 142） 〃of such a king is the chakra or wheel； for when he ascends the throne； a chakra falls from heaven； indicating by its material （gold； silver； copper； or iron） the extent and character of his reign。 The office； however； of the highest Chakravartti； who hurls his wheel among his enemies； is inferior to the peaceful mission of a Buddha； who meekly turns the wheel of the Law； and conquers every universe by his teaching。〃
＇9＇ This was Brahma； the first person of the Brahmanical Trimurti； adopted by Buddhism； but placed in an inferior position； and surpassed by every Buddhist saint who attains to bodhi。
＇10＇ A common name for the earth below； where； on digging； water is found。
＇11＇ The height is given as thirty chow； the chow being the distance from the elbow to the finger…tip； which is variously estimated。
＇12＇ A note of Mr。 Beal says on this：〃General Cunningham； who visited the spot （1862）； found a pillar； evidently of the age of Asoka； with a well…carved elephant on the top； which； however； was minus trunk and tail。 He supposes this to be the pillar seen by Fa…hien； who mistook the top of it for a lion。 It is possible such a mistake may have been made； as in the account of one of the pillars at Sravasti； Fa…hien says an ox formed the capital； whilst Hsuan…chwang calls it an elephant （P。 19； Arch。 Survey）。〃
＇13＇ That is； in niches on the sides。 The pillar or column must have been square。
＇14＇ Equivalent to 〃all through。〃
＇15＇ Has always been translated 〃heretical teachers；〃 but I eschew the terms /heresy/ and /heretical/。 The parties would not be Buddhists of any creed or school； but Brahmans or of some other false doctrine； as Fa…hien deemed it。 The Chinese term means 〃outside〃 or 〃foreign；〃in Pali； anna…titthiya；=〃those belonging to another school。〃
＇16＇ These three predecessors of Sakyamuni were the three Buddhas of the present or Maha…bhadra Kalpa； of which he was the fourth； and Maitreya is to be the fifth and last。 They were： （1） Krakuchanda （Pali； Kakusanda）； 〃he who readily solves all doubts；〃 a scion of the Kasyapa family。 Human life reached in his time 40；000 years； and so many persons were converted by him。 （2） Kanakamuni （Pali； Konagamana）； 〃body radiant with the colour of pure gold；〃 of the same family。 Human life reached in his time 30；000 years； and so many persons were converted by him。 （3） Kasyapa （Pali； Kassapa）； 〃swallower of light。〃 Human life reached in his time 20；000 years； and so many persons were converted by him。 See Eitel； under the several names； Hardy's M。 B。； pp。 95…97； and Davids' 〃Buddhist Birth Stories；〃 p。 51。
＇17＇ That is； walked in meditation。 Such places are called Chankramana （Pali； Chankama）； promenades or corridors connected with a monastery； made sometimes with costly stones； for the purpose of peripatetic meditation。 The 〃sitting〃 would be not because of weariness or for rest； but for meditation。 E。 H。； p。 144。
＇18＇ The character in my Corean copy is ｛。｝； which must be a mistake for the ｛。｝ of the Chinese editions。 Otherwise； the meaning would be 〃a small medusa。〃
＇19＇ The reading here seems to me a great improvement on that of the Chinese editions； which means 〃Fire Limit。〃 Buddha； it is said； ｛。｝ converted this demon； which Chinese character Beal rendered at first by 〃in one of his incarnations；〃 and in his revised version he has 〃himself。〃 The difference between Fa…hien's usage of ｛。｝ and ｛。｝ throughout his narrative is quite marked。 ｛。｝ always refers to the doings of Sakyamuni； ｛。｝； 〃formerly；〃 is often used of him and others in the sense of 〃in a former age or birth。〃
＇20＇ See Hardy； M。 B。； p。 194：〃As a token of the giving over of the garden； the king poured water upon the hands of Buddha； and from this time it became one of the principal residences of the sage。〃
＇21＇ This would seem to be absurd； but the writer evidently intended to convey the idea that there was something mysterious about the number of the topes。
＇22＇ This seems to be the meaning。 The bodies of the monks are all burned。 Hardy's E。 M。； pp。 322…324。
CHAPTER XVIII
KANYAKUBJA； OR CANOUGE。 BUDDHA'S PREACHING。
Fa…hien stayed at the Dragon vihara till after the summer retreat；＇1＇ and then； travelling to the south…east for seven yojanas； he arrived at the city of Kanyakubja；＇2＇ lying along the Ganges。＇3＇ There are two monasteries in it； the inmates of which are students of the hinayana。 At a distance from the city of six or seven le； on the west； on the northern bank of the Ganges； is a place where Buddha preached the Law to his disciples。 It has been handed down that his subjects of discourse were such as 〃The bitterness and vanity （of life） as impermanent and uncertain；〃 and that 〃The body is as a bubble or foam on the water。〃 At this spot a tope was erected； and still exists。
Having crossed the Ganges； and gone south for three yojanas； （the travellers） arrived at a village named A…le；＇4＇ containing places where Buddha preached the Law； where he sat； and where he walked； at all of which topes have been built。
NOTES
＇1＇ We are now； probably； in 405。
＇2＇ Canouge； the latitude and longitude of which have been given in a previous note。 The Sanskrit name means 〃the city of humpbacked maidens；〃 with reference to the legend of the hundred daughters of king Brahma…datta； who were made deformed by the curse of the rishi Maha…vriksha； whose overtures they had refused。 E。 H。； p。 51。
＇3＇ Ganga； explained by 〃Blessed water；〃 and 〃Come from heaven to earth。〃
＇4＇ This village （the Chinese editions read 〃forest〃） has hardly been clearly identified。
CHAPTER XIX
SHA…CHE。 LEGEND OF BUDDHA'S DANTA…KASHTHA。
Going on from this to the south…east for three yojanas； they came to the great kingdom of Sha…che。＇1＇ As you go out of the city of Sha…che by the southern gate； on the east of the road （is the place） where Buddha； after he had chewed his willow branch；＇2＇ stuck it in the ground； when it forthwith grew up seven cubits； （at which height it remained） neither increasing nor diminishing。 The Brahmans with their contrary doctrines＇3＇ became angry and jealous。 Sometimes they cut the tree down； sometimes they plucked it up； and cast it to a distance； but it grew again on the same spot as at first。 Here also is the place where the four Buddhas walked and sat； and at which a tope was built that is still existing。
NOTES
＇1＇ Sha…che should probably be Sha…khe； making Cunningham's identification of the name with the present Saket still more likely。 The change of ｛。｝ into ｛。｝ is slight； and； indeed； the Khang…hsi dictionary thinks the two characters should be but one and the same。
＇2＇ This was； no doubt； what was called the danta…kashtha； or 〃dental wood；〃 mostly a bit of the /ficus Indicus/ or banyan tree； which the monk chews every morning to cleanse his teeth； and for the purpose of health generally。 The Chinese； not having the banyan； have used； or at least Fa…hien used； Yang （｛。｝； the general name for the willow） instead of it。
＇3＇ Are two classes of opponents； or only one； intended here； so that we should read 〃all the unbelievers and Brahmans；〃 or 〃heretics and Brahmans？〃 I think the Brahmans were also 〃the unbelievers〃 and 〃heretics；〃 having ｛。｝ ｛。｝； views and ways outside of； and opposed to； Buddha's。
CHAPTER XX
KOSALA AND SRAVASTI。 THE JETAVANA VIHARA AND OTHER MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS OF BUDDHA。 SYMPATHY OF THE MONKS WITH THE PILGRIMS。
Going on from this to the south； for eight yojanas； （the travellers） came to the city of Sravasti＇1＇ in the kingdom of Kosala；＇2＇ in which the inhabitants were few and far between； amounting in all （only） to a few more than two hundred families； the city where king Prasenajit＇3＇ ruled； and the place of the old vihara of Maha…prajapti；＇4＇ of the well and walls of （the house of） the （Vaisya） head Sudatta；＇5＇ and where the Angulimalya＇6＇ became an Arhat； and his body was （afterwards） burned on his attaining to pari…nirvana。 At all these places topes were subsequently erected； which are still existing in the city。 The Brahmans； with their contrary doctrine； became full of hatred and envy in their hearts； and wished to destroy them； but there came from the heavens such a storm of crashing thunder and flashing lightning that they were not able in the end to effect their purpose。
As you go out from the city by the south gate； and 1；200 paces from it； the （Vaisya） head Sudatta built a vihara； facing the south； and when the door was open； on each side of it there was a stone pillar； with the figure of a wheel on the top of that on the left； and the figure of an ox on the top of that on the right。 On the left and right of the building the ponds of water clear and pure； the thickets of trees always luxuriant； and the nume