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portion of the people…in my judgment not representing the people of the United States at allto act as a grand jury； with a large portion of that grand jury excluded from the juryroom here； and suddenly； impromptu perhaps； a vote is to be forced this very day…to impeach the President of the United States！
I am utterly inadequate to discharge the duty which has devolved upon me on this august day； the anniversary of the birthday of the Father of his country。 I am utterly unable upon this occasion either to do my duty to the people or to express myself with that deep solemnity which I feel in rising to resist this untoward； this unholy； this unconstitutional proceeding。 Indeed； I know not why the ghost of impeachment hag appeared here in a new form。 We have attempted to lay it hitherto； and we have successfully laid it。 upon the floor of this House。 But a minority of the party on the other side； forcing its influence and its power upon a majority of a committee of this House； has at last succeeded in compelling its party to approach the House itself in a united； and therefore in a more solemn form； and to demand the impeachment of the President of the United States。
Sir； we have long been in the midst of a revolution。 Long； long has our country been agitated by the throes of that revolution。 But we are now approaching the last and the final stage of that revolution in which； like many revolutions that have preceded it。 a legislative power not representing the people attempts to depose the executive power； and thus to overthrow that constitutional branch of the Government。
There is nothing new in all this。 There is nothing new in what we are doing； for men of the present but repeat the history of the past。 We are traversing over and over again the days of Cromwell and Charles I and Charles II； and we are traversing over and over again the scenes of the French revolution； baptized in blood in our introductory part； but I trust in God never again to be baptized by any revolutionary proceeding on the part of this House。
I have not and never have been a defender of all the opinions of General Jackson； but those on the other side who pretend to hold him as authority and those on this side who have ever held him as authority will find that in uttering the opinions which I have I but reutter the opinions which he advanced in his veto of July 10； 1832； when he said：
〃The Congress； the Executive； and the court must each for itself be guided by its own opinion of the Constitution。 Each public officer who takes the oath to support the Constitution swears that he will support it as he understands it； and not as it is understood by others。〃
The President of the United States has given his opinion upon the official tenure…of…office act and upon the Constitution of the United States by the appointment of Adjutant General Thomas as Secretary of War ad interim。 and because of the exercise of that Constitutional right we are called upon here at once to pronounce him guilty of high crimes and misdemeanors and to demand his deposition and degradation therefor。 * * * * *
Mr。 Spalding； （Rep。 of Ohio）。 Mr。 Speaker； I feel myself to be in no proper frame of mind or heart to attempt rhetorical display on this occasion。 I can appreciate the sentiments of the gentleman from New York ＇Mr。 Brooks＇ when he says the question before us is filled with solemnity； but when he attempts by gasconade to deter members on this side of the House from the conscientious discharge of their duty I say to my friend that he has ：。mistaken his calling。〃 Sir； no more important duty could be devolved upon this House of Representatives than that of considering the question whether articles of impeachment shall be preferred against the Chief Magistrate of the United States； and for long months； ay； for more than a year； sir。 I have resisted； with all my efforts and all my personal influence； the approach of that crisis which is now upon us and before us。 The President has clone many； very many； censurable acts： but I could not； on my conscience。 say that he should be holden to answer upon a charge of 〃high crimes and misdemeanors〃 until something could be made tangible whereby ha had brought himself in open conflict with the Constitution and laws of the Union。
It has seemed to me； sir； for weeks； that this high officer of our government was inviting the very ordeal which； I am sorry to say； is now upon us； and the dread consequences of which will speedily be upon him。 He has thrown himself violently in contact with an Act of Congress passed on the 2d day of March last by the votes of the constitutional two…thirds of the Senate and two…thirds of the House of Representatives over his veto assigning his reasons for withholding his assent。 Now； it matters not how many acts can be found upon the statute books in years gone by that would sanction the removal of a cabinet officer by the President； the gentleman from New York numbers three。 He may reckon up thirty or three hundred and still if； within the last six or nine months； Congress has； in a constitutional manner； made an enactment that prohibits such removal； and the executive wantonly disregards such enactment and attempts to remove the officer； he incurs the penalty as clearly and as certainly as if there never had been any legislation to the contrary。 That subsequent enactment； if it be constitutional； repeals； by its own force； all other prior enactments with which it may conflict； and in nothing is that enactment more significant than in this； that the President shall not remove any civil officer； who has been appointed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate； without the concurrence of that body； when it is itself in session。
Mr。 Bingham； （Rep。） of Ohio。 Mr。 Speaker； all right…minded men must concede that the question under consideration is one of supreme moment to till the people of the Republic。 I protest for myself； sir； that I am utterly incapable of approaching the discussion of this question in the spirit of a partisan。 I repel； sir； the intimation of the gentleman from New York； Mr。 Brooks； that I am careless of the obligation of my oath or unconcerned about the supremacy of the Constitution and the laws。 I look upon the Constitution of the country as the very breath of the nation's life。 I invoke this day upon the consideration of this great question the matchless name of Washington； as did the gentleman； and ask him； in the consideration of the matter now before us； to ponder upon those deathless words of the Father of our Country； wherein he declares that 〃the Constitution which at any time exists； till changed by an explicit and authentic act of the whole people； is sacredly obligatory upon all〃upon all sir； from the President to the humblest citizenstanding within the jurisdiction of the Republic。 Washington but echoed the words that himself and his associates had imbedded in the text of the Constitution； that 〃this Constitution and the laws passed in pursuance thereof shall be the supreme law of the land。〃 It shall be supreme over every officer； it shall be supreme over every State； it shall be supreme over every territory； it shall be supreme upon every deck covered by your flag in every zone all round the globe。 Every man within its jurisdiction； official and unofficial； must bow to the supremacy of the Constitution。
The gentleman says that the issue involved is an issue about an office。 I beg the gentleman's pardon。 The issue involved is whether the supremacy of the Constitution shall be maintained by the people's Representatives。 The President of the United States has assumed； sir； to set himself above the Constitution and the laws。 He has assumed to defy the law； he has assumed to challenge the people's Representatives to sit in judgment upon his malfeasance in office。 Every man who has considered it worth while to observe my conduct touching this question that has so long agitated this House and agitated this country may have discovered that I have kept myself back and have endeavored to keep others back from making any unnecessary issue between the President and Representatives of the people touching the manner in which he discharged the duties of his great office。 I had no desire； sir； to have resort unnecessarily to this highest power reposed by the people in their Representatives and their Senators for the vindication of their own violated Constitution and violated laws。 Notwithstanding there was much in the conduct of the President to endanger the peace and repose of the country； yet； so long as there was any doubt upon the question of his liability to impeachment within the text and spirit of the Constitution； I was unwilling to utter one syllable to favor such a proposition or to record a vote to advance it。 * * *
Mr。 Beck； （Dem。 of Ky。） The single question upon which the decision of this House is now to be made is that the President has attempted to test the constitutionality of a law which he believes to be unconstitutional。 All the testimony heretofore presented upon which to base an impeachment of the President was decided by even a majority of the Republican members of this House to be insufficient to justify impeachment。 All questions growing out of the combinatio