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en that these questions； or such of them as might necessarily arise； should be judicially determined in manner aforesaid； and for no other end or purpose； this respondent。 as President of the United States； on the 12th day of August； 1867； seven days after the reception of the letter of the said Stanton of the 5th of August； hereinbefore stated； did issue to the said Stanton the order following namely：
Executive Mansion； Washington； August 12； 1867。
Sir：By virtue of the power and authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and laws of the United States； you are hereby suspended from office as Secretary of War； and will cease to exercise any and all functions pertaining to the same。
You will at once transfer to General Ulysses S。 Grant； who has this day been authorized and empowered to act as Secretary of War ad interim； all records； books； papers； and other public property now in your custody and charge。 To Hon。 Edwin M。 Stanton； Secretary of War。
To which said order the said Stanton made the following reply：
War Department； Washington City； August 12； 1867。
Sir：Your note of this date has been received； informing me that； by virtue of the powers vested in you as President by the Constitution and laws of the United States； I am suspended from office as Secretary of War； and will cease to exercise any and all functions pertaining to the same； and also directing me at once to transfer to General Ulysses S。 Grant； who has this day been authorized and empowered to act as Secretary of War ad interim； all records； books； papers； and other public property now in my custody and charge。 Under a sense of public duty I am compelled to deny your right； under the Constitution and laws of the United States； without the advice and consent of the senate； and without legal cause； to suspend me from office as Secretary of War； or the exercise of any or all functions pertaining to the same； or without such advice and consent to compel me to transfer to any person the records； books； papers； and public property in my custody as Secretary； But inasmuch as the General commanding the Armies of the United has been appointed ad interim and has notified me that he has accepted the appointment； I have no alternative but to submit； under protest； to superior force。
To the President。
And this respondent； further answering； says； that it is provided in and by the second section of 〃An act to regulate the tenure of certain civil offices；〃 that the President may suspend an officer from the performance of the duties of the office held by him； for certain causes therein designated； until the next meeting of the Senate； and until the case shall be acted on by the senate； that this respondent； as President of the United States； was advised； and he verily believed and still believes； that the executive power of removal from office confided to him by the Constitution as aforesaid includes the power of suspension from office at the pleasure of the President； and this respondent； by the order aforesaid； did suspend the said Stanton from office； not until the next meeting of the Senate； or until the Senate should have acted upon the case； but by force of the power and authority vested in him by the Constitution and laws of the United States； indefinitely and at the pleasure of the President； and the order； in form aforesaid； was made known to the Senate of the United States on the 12th day of December； A。 D。 1867； as will be more fully hereinafter stated。
And this respondent； further answering； says； that in and by the act of February 13； 1795； it was； among other things； provided and enacted that； in case of vacancy in the office of Secretary for the Department of War； it shall be lawful for the President； in case he shall think it necessary； to authorize any person to perform the duties of that office until a successor be appointed or such vacancy filled； but not exceeding the term of six months； and this respondent； being advised and believing that such law was in full force and not repealed； by an order dated August 12； 1867； did authorize and empower Ulysses S。 Grant； General of the armies of the United States； to act as Secretary for the Department of War ad interim； in the form in which similar authority had theretofore been given； not until the next meeting of the Senate and until the Senate should act on the case； but at the pleasure of the President； subject only to the limitation of six months in the said last…mentioned act contained； and a copy of the last…named order was made known to the Senate of the United States on the 12th day of December； 1867； as will be hereinafter more fully stated： and in pursuance of the design and intention aforesaid； if it should become necessary to submit the said question to a judicial determination； this respondent； at or near the date of the last…mentioned order； did make known such his purpose to obtain a judicial decision of the said question； or such of them as might be necessary。
And this respondent； further answering； says； that in further pursuance of his intention and design； if possible； to perform what he judged to be his imperative duty； to prevent the said Stanton from longer holding the office of Secretary for the Department of War； and at the same time avoiding； if possible； any question respecting the extent of the power of removal from executive office confided to the President by the Constitution of the United States； and any question respecting the construction and effect of the first section of the said 〃act regulating the tenure of certain civil offices；〃 while he should not； by any act of his； abandon and relinquish； either a power which he believed the Constitution had conferred on the President of the United States； to enable him to perform the duties of his office； or； a power designedly left to him by the first section of the act of Congress last aforesaid； this respondent did； on the 12th day of December； 1867； transmit to the senate of the United States a message a copy whereof is hereunto annexed and marked B； wherein he made known the orders aforesaid and the reasons which had induced the same。 so far as this respondent then considered it material and necessary that the same should be set forth； and reiterated his views concerning the constitutional power of removal vested in the President； and also expressed his views concerning the construction of the said first section of the last mentioned act； as respected the power of the President to remove the said Stanton from the said office of Secretary for the Department of War； well hoping that this respondent could thus perform what he then believed； and still believes； to be his imperative duty in reference to the said Stanton； without derogating from the powers which this respondent believed were confided to the President； by the Constitution and laws； and without the necessity of raising； judicially； any questions respecting the same。
And this respondent； further answering； says； that this hope not having been realized； the President was compelled either to allow the said Stanton to resume the said office and remain therein contrary to the settled convictions of the President； formed as aforesaid respecting the powers confided to him and the duties required of him by the Constitution of the United States； and contrary to the opinion formed as aforesaid； that the first section of the last mentioned act did not affect the case of the said Stanton； and contrary to the fixed belief of the President that he could no longer advise with or trust or be responsible for the said Stanton； for the said office of Secretary for the Department of War； or else he was compelled to take such steps as might； in the judgment of the President； be lawful and necessary to raise； for a judicial decision； the questions affecting the lawful right of the said Stanton to resume the said office； or the power of the said Stanton to persist in refusing to quit the said office if he should persist in actually refusing to quit the same； and to this end； and to this end only； this respondent did； on the 21st day of February； 1868 issue the order for the removal of the said Stanton； in the said first article mentioned and set forth； and the order authorizing the said Lorenzo F。 Thomas to act as Secretary of War ad interim； in the said second article set forth。
And this respondent； proceeding to answer specifically each substantial allegation in the said first article； says： He denies that the said Stanton； on the 21st day of February； 1868； was lawfully in possession of the said ofce of Secretary for the Department of War。 He denies that the said Stanton； on the day last mentioned； was lawfully entitled to hold the said office against the will of the President of the United States。 He denies that the said order for the removal of the said Stanton was unlawfully issued。 He denies that the said order was issued with intent to violate the act entitled 〃An act to regulate the tenure of certain civil offices。〃 He denies that the said order was a violation of the last mentioned act。 He denies that the said order was a violation of the Constitution of the United States； or of any law thereof； or of his oath of office。 He denies that the said order