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ation for public speaking； and so adopted that as my recreation。 The result proved entirely successful。
After a hard day's work； on coming home late in the afternoon； I accustomed myself to take a short nap of about fifteen minutes。 Then I would look over my tablets to see if any engagement was on to speak in the evening； and； if so； the preparation of the speech might be easy； or； if difficult； cause me to be late at dinner。 These speeches were made several times a week； and mainly at banquets on closing of the sessions of conventions of trade organizations of the country。 The reciprocaI favors and friendship of these delegates transferred to the New York Central a large amount of competitive business。
While I was active in politics I issued strict orders that every employee should have the same liberty； and that any attempt on the part of their superior officers to influence or direct the political action of a subordinate would be cause for dismissal。 This became so well known that the following incident； which was not uncommon； will show the result。
As I was taking the train the morning after having made a political speech at Utica； the yardmaster； an Irishman； greeted me very cordially and then said： 〃We were all up to hear ye last night； boss； but this year we are agin ye。〃
The position which this activity gave me in my own party； and the fact that； unlike most employers； I protected the employees in their liberty and political action； gave me immense help in protecting the company from raids and raiders。
We had a restaurant in the station at Utica which had deteriorated。 The situation was called to my attention in order to have the evils corrected by the receipt of the following letter from an indignant passenger： 〃Dear Mr。 President： You are the finest after…dinner speaker in the world。 I would give a great deal to hear the speech you would make after you had dined in the restaurant in your station at Utica。〃
After thirteen years of service as president I was elected chairman of the board of directors。 Mr。 Samuel R。 Callaway succeeded me as president； and on his resignation was succeeded by Mr。 William H。 Newman； and upon his resignation Mr。 W。 C。 Brown became president。 Following Mr。 Brown； Mr。 Alfred H。 Smith was elected and is still in office。 All these officers were able and did excellent service； but I want to pay special tribute to Mr。 Smith。
Mr。 Smith is one of the ablest operating officers of his time。 When the United States Government took over the railroads he was made regional director of the government for railroads in this territory。 He received the highest commendation from the government and from the owners of the railroads for the admirable way in which he had maintained them and their efficiency during the government control。
On the surrender of the railroads by the government； Mr。 Smith was welcomed back by his directors to the presidency of the New York Central。 The splendid condition of the Central and its allied lines is largely due to him。 During his service as regional director the difficult task of the presidency of the New York Central was very ably performed by Mr。 William K。 Vanderbilt； Jr。 Though the youngest among the executive officers of the railroads of the country； he was at the same time one of the best。
Among the efficient officers who have served the New York Central during the time I have been with the company； I remember many on account of their worth and individuality。 H。 Walter Webb came into the railway service from an active business career。 With rare intelligence and industry he rapidly rose in the organization and was a very capable and efficient officer。 There was Theo。 Voorhees； the general superintendent； an unusually young man for such a responsible position。 He was a graduate of Troy PoIytechnical School and a very able operating officer。 Having gone directly from the college to a responsible position； he naturally did not understand or know how to handle men until after long experience。 He showed that want of experience in a very drastic way in the strike of 1892 and its settlement。 Being very arbitrary； he had his own standards。 For instance； I was appealed to by many old brakemen and conductors whom he had discharged。 I mention one particularly； who had been on the road for twenty…five years。 Voorhees's answer to me was： 〃These old employees are devoted to Toucey； my predecessor； and for efficient work I must have loyalty to me。〃
I reversed his order and told him I would begin to discharge； if necessary； the latest appointments； including himself； keeping the older men in the service who had proved their loyalty to the company by the performance of their duties。
Mr。 Voorhees became afterwards vice…president and then president of the Philadelphia and Reading。 With experience added to his splendid equipment and unusual ability he became one of the best executives in the country。
Mr。 John M。 Toucey； who had come up from the bottom to be general superintendent and general manager； was a hard student。 His close contact with his fellow employees gave him wonderful control over men。 He supplemented his practical experience by hard study and was very well educated。 Though self…taught； he had no confidence in the graduates of the professional schools。
In selecting an assistant； one of them told me that Toucey subjected him to a rigid examination and then said： 〃What is your railroad career？〃
〃I began at the bottom；〃 answered the assistant； 〃and have filled every office on my old road up to division superintendent； which I have held for so many years。〃
〃That is very fine；〃 said Toucey； 〃but are you a graduate of the Troy Technical School？〃
〃No； sir。〃
〃Of the Stevens Tech。？〃
〃No； sir。〃
〃Of Massachusetts Tech。？〃
〃No； sir。〃
〃Then you are engaged；〃 said Toucey。
Mr。 Toucey was well up…to…date； and differed from a superintendent on another road in which I was a director。 The suburban business of that line had increased very rapidly； but there were not enough trains or cars to accommodate the passengers。 The overcrowding caused many serious discomforts。 I had the superintendent called before the board of directors； and said to him： 〃Why don't you immediately put on more trains and cars？〃
〃Why； Mr。 Depew；〃 he answered； 〃what would be the use？ They are settling so fast along the line that the people would fill them up and overcrowd them just as before。〃
I was going over the line on an important tour at one time with G。 H。 Burroughs； superintendent of the Western Division。 We were on his pony engine； with seats at the front； alongside the boiler； so that we could look directly on the track。 Burroughs sat on one side and I on the other。 He kept on commenting aloud by way of dictating to his stenographer； who sat behind him； and praise and criticism followed rapidly。 I heard him utter in his monotonous way： 〃Switch misplaced； we will all be in hell in a minute；〃 and then a second afterwards continue： 〃We jumped the switch and are on the track again。 Discharge that switchman。〃
Major Zenas Priest was for fifty years a division superintendent。 It was a delightful experience to go with him over his division。 He knew everybody along the line； was general confidant in their family troubles and arbiter in neighborhood disputes。 He knew personally every employee and his characteristics and domestic situation。 The wives were generally helping him to keep their husbands from making trouble。 To show his control and efficiency； he was always predicting labor troubles and demonstrating that the reason they did not occur was because of the way in which he handled the situation。
Mr。 C。 M。 Bissell was a very efficient superintendent； and for a long time in charge of the Harlem Railroad。 He told me this incident。 We decided to put in effect as a check upon the conductors a system by which a conductor； when a fare was paid on the train； must tear from a book a receipt which he gave to the passenger； and mark the amount on the stub from which the receipt was torn。 Soon after a committee of conductors called upon Mr。 Bissell and asked for an increase of pay。 〃Why；〃 Bissell asked； 〃boys； why do you ask for that now？〃
After a rather embarrassing pause the oldest conductor said： 〃Mr。 Bissell； you have been a conductor yourself。〃
This half century and six years during which I have been in the service of the New York Central Railroad has been a time of unusual pleasure and remarkably free from friction or trouble。 In this intimate association with the railroad managers of the United States I have found the choicest friendships and the most enduring。 The railroad manager is rarely a large stockholder； but he is a most devoted and efficient officer of his company。 He gives to its service； for the public； the employees； the investors； and the company； all that there is in him。 In too many instances； because these officers do not get relief from their labor by variation of their work； they die exhausted before their time。
The story graphically told by one of the oldest and ablest of railroad men； Mr。 Marvin Hughitt； for a long time president and now chairman of the Chicago and Northwestern Railway；