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extract the delta from andreia； the name at once signifies the thing； and
you may clearly understand that andreia is not the stream opposed to every
stream； but only to that which is contrary to justice； for otherwise
courage would not have been praised。 The words arren （male） and aner （man）
also contain a similar allusion to the same principle of the upward flux
（te ano rhon）。 Gune （woman） I suspect to be the same word as goun （birth）：
thelu （female） appears to be partly derived from thele （the teat）； because
the teat is like rain； and makes things flourish （tethelenai）。
HERMOGENES： That is surely probable。
SOCRATES： Yes； and the very word thallein （to flourish） seems to figure
the growth of youth； which is swift and sudden ever。 And this is expressed
by the legislator in the name； which is a compound of thein （running）； and
allesthai （leaping）。 Pray observe how I gallop away when I get on smooth
ground。 There are a good many names generally thought to be of importance；
which have still to be explained。
HERMOGENES： True。
SOCRATES： There is the meaning of the word techne （art）； for example。
HERMOGENES： Very true。
SOCRATES： That may be identified with echonoe； and expresses the
possession of mind： you have only to take away the tau and insert two
omichrons； one between the chi and nu； and another between the nu and eta。
HERMOGENES： That is a very shabby etymology。
SOCRATES： Yes； my dear friend； but then you know that the original names
have been long ago buried and disguised by people sticking on and stripping
off letters for the sake of euphony； and twisting and bedizening them in
all sorts of ways： and time too may have had a share in the change。 Take；
for example； the word katoptron； why is the letter rho inserted？ This must
surely be the addition of some one who cares nothing about the truth； but
thinks only of putting the mouth into shape。 And the additions are often
such that at last no human being can possibly make out the original meaning
of the word。 Another example is the word sphigx； sphiggos； which ought
properly to be phigx； phiggos； and there are other examples。
HERMOGENES： That is quite true； Socrates。
SOCRATES： And yet； if you are permitted to put in and pull out any letters
which you please； names will be too easily made； and any name may be
adapted to any object。
HERMOGENES： True。
SOCRATES： Yes； that is true。 And therefore a wise dictator； like
yourself； should observe the laws of moderation and probability。
HERMOGENES： Such is my desire。
SOCRATES： And mine； too； Hermogenes。 But do not be too much of a
precisian； or 'you will unnerve me of my strength （Iliad。）。' When you have
allowed me to add mechane （contrivance） to techne （art） I shall be at the
top of my bent； for I conceive mechane to be a sign of great accomplishment
anein； for mekos has the meaning of greatness； and these two； mekos and
anein； make up the word mechane。 But； as I was saying； being now at the
top of my bent； I should like to consider the meaning of the two words
arete （virtue） and kakia （vice）； arete I do not as yet understand； but
kakia is transparent； and agrees with the principles which preceded； for
all things being in a flux （ionton）； kakia is kakos ion （going badly）； and
this evil motion when existing in the soul has the general name of kakia；
or vice； specially appropriated to it。 The meaning of kakos ienai may be
further illustrated by the use of deilia （cowardice）； which ought to have
come after andreia； but was forgotten； and； as I fear； is not the only word
which has been passed over。 Deilia signifies that the soul is bound with a
strong chain （desmos）； for lian means strength； and therefore deilia
expresses the greatest and strongest bond of the soul； and aporia
（difficulty） is an evil of the same nature （from a （alpha） not； and
poreuesthai to go）； like anything else which is an impediment to motion and
movement。 Then the word kakia appears to mean kakos ienai； or going badly；
or limping and halting； of which the consequence is； that the soul becomes
filled with vice。 And if kakia is the name of this sort of thing； arete
will be the opposite of it； signifying in the first place ease of motion；
then that the stream of the good soul is unimpeded； and has therefore the
attribute of ever flowing without let or hindrance； and is therefore called
arete； or； more correctly； aeireite （ever…flowing）； and may perhaps have
had another form； airete （eligible）； indicating that nothing is more
eligible than virtue； and this has been hammered into arete。 I daresay
that you will deem this to be another invention of mine； but I think that
if the previous word kakia was right； then arete is also right。
HERMOGENES： But what is the meaning of kakon； which has played so great a
part in your previous discourse？
SOCRATES： That is a very singular word about which I can hardly form an
opinion； and therefore I must have recourse to my ingenious device。
HERMOGENES： What device？
SOCRATES： The device of a foreign origin； which I shall give to this word
also。
HERMOGENES： Very likely you are right； but suppose that we leave these
words and endeavour to see the rationale of kalon and aischron。
SOCRATES： The meaning of aischron is evident； being only aei ischon roes
（always preventing from flowing）； and this is in accordance with our former
derivations。 For the name…giver was a great enemy to stagnation of all
sorts； and hence he gave the name aeischoroun to that which hindered the
flux （aei ischon roun）； and that is now beaten together into aischron。
HERMOGENES： But what do you say of kalon？
SOCRATES： That is more obscure； yet the form is only due to the quantity；
and has been changed by altering omicron upsilon into omicron。
HERMOGENES： What do you mean？
SOCRATES： This name appears to denote mind。
HERMOGENES： How so？
SOCRATES： Let me ask you what is the cause why anything has a name； is not
the principle which imposes the name the cause？
HERMOGENES： Certainly。
SOCRATES： And must not this be the mind of Gods； or of men； or of both？
HERMOGENES： Yes。
SOCRATES： Is not mind that which called （kalesan） things by their names；
and is not mind the beautiful （kalon）？
HERMOGENES： That is evident。
SOCRATES： And are not the works of intelligence and mind worthy of praise；
and are not other works worthy of blame？
HERMOGENES： Certainly。
SOCRATES： Physic does the work of a physician； and carpentering does the
works of a carpenter？
HERMOGENES： Exactly。
SOCRATES： And the principle of beauty does the works of beauty？
HERMOGENES： Of course。
SOCRATES： And that principle we affirm to be mind？
HERMOGENES： Very true。
SOCRATES： Then mind is rightly called beauty because she does the works
which we recognize and speak of as the beautiful？
HERMOGENES： That is evident。
SOCRATES： What more names remain to us？
HERMOGENES： There are the words which are connected with agathon and
kalon； such as sumpheron and lusiteloun； ophelimon； kerdaleon； and their
opposites。
SOCRATES： The meaning of sumpheron （expedient） I think that you may
discover for yourself by the light of the previous examples；for it is a
sister word to episteme； meaning just the motion （pora） of the soul
accompanying the world； and things which are done upon this principle are
called sumphora or sumpheronta； because they are carried round with the
world。
HERMOGENES： That is probable。
SOCRATES： Again； cherdaleon （gainful） is called from cherdos （gain）； but
you must alter the delta into nu if you want to get at the meaning； for
this word also signifies good； but in another way； he who gave the name
intended to express the power of admixture （kerannumenon） and universal
penetration in the good； in forming the word； however； he inserted a delta
instead of a nu； and so made kerdos。
HERMOGENES： Well； but what is lusiteloun （profitable）？
SOCRATES： I suppose； Hermogenes； that people do not mean by the profitable
the gainful or that which pays （luei） the retailer； but they use the word
in the sense of swift。 You regard the profitable （lusiteloun）； as that
which being the swiftest thing in existence； allows of no stay in things
and no pause or end of motion； but always； if there begins to be any end；
lets things go again （luei）； and makes motion immortal and unceasing： and
in this point of view； as appears to me； the good is happily denominated
lusitelounbeing that which looses （luon） the end （telos） of motion。
Ophelimon （the advantageous） is derived from ophellein； meaning that which
creates and increases； this latter is a common Homeric word； and has a
foreign character。
HERMOGENES： And what do you say of their opposites？
SOCRATES： Of such as are mere negati