the commonwealth of oceana-第48章

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　the　tribes　of　the　city　have　no　other　than　one　common　phylarch；　which　is　the　court　of　aldermen　and　the　common　council；　for　which　cause　they　elect　not　at　their　muster　the　first　list　called　the　prime　magnitude。　　　　　〃The　conveniences　of　this　alteration　of　the　city　government；　besides　the　bent　of　it　to　a　conformity　with　that　of　the　nation；　were　many；　whereof　I　shall　mention　but　a　few：　as　first；　whereas　men　under　the　former　administration；　when　the　burden　of　some　of　these　magistracies　lay　for　life；　were　oftentimes　chosen　not　for　their　fitness；　but　rather　unfitness；　or　at　least　unwillingness　to　undergo　such　a　weight；　whereby　they　were　put　at　great　rates　to　fine　for　their　ease；　a　man　might　now　take　his　share　in　magistracy　with　that　equity　which　is　due　to　the　public；　and　without　any　inconvenience　to　his　private　affairs。　Secondly；　whereas　the　city　（inasmuch　as　the　acts　of　the　aristocracy；　or　court　of　aldermen；　in　their　former　way　of　proceeding；　were　rather　impositions　than　propositions）　was　frequently　disquieted　with　the　inevitable　consequence　of　disorder　in　the　power　of　debate　exercised　by　the　popular　part；　or　common　council；　the　right　of　debate　being　henceforth　established　in　the　court　of　aldermen；　and　that　of

result　in　the　common　council；　killed　the　branches　of　division　in　the　root。　Which　for　the　present　may　suffice　to　have　been　said　of　the　city　of　Emporium。　　　　　〃That　of　Hiera　consists　as　to　the　national　government　of　two　tribes；　the　first　called　agoroea；　the　second　propola；　but　as　to　the　peculiar　policy　of　twelve　manipuls；　or　wards　divided　into　three　cohorts；　each　cohort　containing　four　wards；　whereof　the　wards　of　the　first　cohort　elect　for　the　first　year　four　burgesses；　one　in　each　ward；　the　wards　of　the　second　cohort　for　the　second　year　four　burgesses；　one　in　each　ward；　and　the　wards　of　the　third　cohort　for　the　third　year　four　burgesses；　one　in　each　ward；　all　triennial　magistrates；　by　which　the　twelve　burgesses；　making　one　court　for　the　government　of　this　city　according　to　their　instructions　by　act　of　Parliament；　fall　likewise　into　an　annual；　triennial；　and　perpetual　revolution。　　　　　〃This　court　being　thus　constituted；　makes　election　of　divers　magistrates；　as　first；　of　a　high　steward；　who　is　commonly　some　person　of　quality；　and　this　magistracy　is　elected　in　the　Senate　by　the　scrutiny　of　this　court；　with　him　they　choose　some　able　lawyer　to　be　his　deputy；　and　to　hold　the　court；　and　last　of　all　they　elect　out　of　their　own　number　six　censors。　　　　　〃The　high　steward　is　commander…in…chief　of　the　two　tribes；　whereof　he　in　person　brings　up　the　one　at　the　national　muster　to　the　ballot；　and　his　deputy　the　other　at　a　distinct　pavilion；　the　six　censors　chosen　by　the　court　officiating　by　three　in　each　tribe　at　the　urns；　and　these　tribes　have　no　other　phylarch　but　this　court。　　　　　〃As　for　the　manner　of　elections　and　suffrage；　both　in　Emporium　and　Hiera；　it　may　be　said；　once　for　all；　that　they　are　performed　by　ballot；　and　according　to　the　respective　rules　already　given。　　　　　〃There　be　other　cities　and　corporations　throughout　the　territory；　whose　policy　being　much　of　this　kind；　would　be　tedious　and　not　worth　the　labor　to　insert；　nor　dare　I　stay。　Juvenum　manus　emicat　ardens。〃　　　　　I　return；　according　to　the　method　of　the　commonwealth；　to　the　remaining　parts　of　her　orbs；　which　are　military　and　provincial；　the　military；　except　the　strategus；　and　the　polemarchs　or　field…officers；　consIsting　of　the　youth　only；　and　the　provincial　consisting　of　a　mixture　both　of　elders　and　of　the　youth。　　　　　To　begin　with　the　youth；　or　the　military　orbs；　they　are　circles　to　which　the　commonwealth　must　have　a　care　to　keep　close。　A　man　is　a　spirit　raised　by　the　magic　of　nature；　if　she　does　not　stand　safe；　and　so　that　she　may　set　him　to　some　good　and　useful　work；　he　spits　fire；　and　blows　up　castles；　for　where　there　is　life；　there　must　be　motion　or　work；　and　the　work　of　idleness　is　mischief；　but　the　work　of　industry　is　health。　To　set　men　to　this；　the　commonwealth　must　begin　betimes　with　them；　or　it　will　be　too　late；　and　the　means　whereby　she　sets　them　to　it　is　education；　the　plastic　art　of　government。　But　it　is　as　frequent　as　sad　in　experience　（whether　through　negligence；　or；　which　in　the　consequence　is　all　one　or　worse；　over…fondness　in　the　domestic　performance　of　this　duty）　that　innumerable　children　come　to　owe　their　utter　perdition　to　their　own　parents；　in　each　of　which　the　commonwealth　loses　a　citizen。　　　　　Wherefore　the　laws　of　a　government；　how　wholesome　soever　in　themselves；　are　such　as；　if　men　by　a　congruity　in　their　education　be　not　bred　to　find　a　relish　in　them；　they　will　be　sure　to　loathe　and　detest。　The　education　therefore　of　a　man's　own　children　is　not　wholly　to　be　committed　or　trusted　to　himself。　You　find　in　Livy　the　children　of　Brutus；　having　been　bred　under　monarchy；　and　used　to　a　court　life；　making　faces　at　the　Commonwealth　of　Rome：　〃A　king　（say　they）　is　a　man　with　whom　you　may　prevail　when　you　have　need　there　should　be　law；　or　when　you　have　need　there　should　be　no　law；　he　has　favors　in　the　right；　and　he　frowns　not　in　the　wrong　place；　he　knows　his　friends　from　his　enemies。　But　laws　are　deaf；　inexorable　things；　such　as　make　no　difference　between　a　gentleman　and　an　ordinary　fellow；　a　man　can　never　be　merry　for　them；　for　to　trust　altogether　to　his　own　innocence　is　a　sad　life。〃　Unhappy　wantons！　Scipio；　on　the　other　side；　when　he　was　but　a　boy　（about　two　or　three　and　twenty）；　being　informed　that　certain　patricians　of　Roman　gentlemen；　through　a　qualm　upon　the　defeat　which　Hannibal　had　given　them　at　Cannae；　were　laying　their　heads　together　and　contriving　their　flight　with　the　transportation　of　their　goods　out　of　Rome；　drew　his　sword；　and　setting　himself　at　the　door　of　the　chamber　where　they　were　at　council；　protested　〃that　who　did　not　immediately　swear　not　to　desert　the　commonwealth；　he　would　make　his　soul　to　desert　his　body。〃　Let　men　argue　as　they　please　for　monarchy；　or　against　a　commonwealth；　the　world　shall　never　see　any　man　so　sottish　or　wicked　as　in　cool　blood　to　prefer　the　education　of　the　sons　of　Brutus　before　that　of　Scipio；　and　of　this　mould；　except　a　Melius　or　a　Manlius；　was　the　whole　youth　of　that　commonwealth；　though　not　ordinarily　so　well　cast。　　　　　Now　the　health　of　a　government　and　the　education　of　the　youth　being　of　the　same　pulse；　no　wonder　if　it　has　been　the　constant　practice　of　well…ordered　commonwealths　to　commit　the　care　and　feeling　of　it　to　public　magistrates。　A　duty　that　was　performed　in　such　a　manner　by　the　Areopagites；　as　is　elegantly　praised　by　Isocrates。　〃the　Athenians　（says　he）　write　not　their　laws　upon　dead　walls；　nor　content　themselves　with　having　ordained　punishments　for　crimes；　but　provide　in　such　a　way；　by　the　education　of　their　youth；　that　there　be　no　crimes　for　punishment。〃　He　speaks　of　those　laws　which　regarded　manners；　not　of　those　orders　which　concerned　the　administration　of　the　commonwealth；　lest　you　should　think　he　contradicts　Xenophon　and　Polybius。　The　children　of　Lacedaemon；　at　the　seventh　year　of　their　age；　were　delivered　to　the　poedonomi；　or　schoolmasters；　not　mercenary；　but　magistrates　of　the　commonwealth；　to　which　they　were　accountable　for　their　charge；　and　by　these　at　the　age　of　fourteen　they　were　presented　to　other　magistrates　called　the　beidioei；　having　the　inspection　of　the　games　and　exercises；　among　which　that　of　the　platanista　was　famous；　a　kind　of　fight　in　squadrons；　but　somewhat　too　fierce。　When　they　came　to　be　of　military　age　they　were　listed　of　the　mora；　and　so　continued　in　readiness　for　public　service　under　the　discipline　of　the　polemarchs。　But　the　Roman　education　and　discipline　by　the　centuries　and　classes　is　that　to　which　the　Commonwealth　of　Oceana　has　had　a　more　particular　regard　in　her　three　essays；　being　certain　degrees　by　which　the　youth　commence　as　it　were　in　arms　for　magistracy；　as　appears　by　　　　　　The　twenty…sixth　order；　instituting；　〃That　if　a　parent　has　but　one　son；　the　education　of　that　one　son　shall　be　wholly　at　the　disposition　of　that　parent。　But　whereas　there　be　free　schools　erected　and　endowed；　or　to　be　erected　and　endowed　in　every　tribe　of　this　nation；　to　a　sufficient　proportion　for　the　education　of　the　children　of　the　same　（which　schools；　to　the　end　there　be　no　detriment　or　hindrance　to　the　scholars　upon　case　of　removing　from　one　to　another；　are　every　of　them　to　be　governed　by　the　strict　inspection　of　the　censors　of　the　tribes；　both　upon　the　schoolmaster's　manner　of　life　and　teaching；　and　the　proficiency　of　the　children；　after　the　rules　and　method　of　that　in　Hiera）　if　a　parent　has　more　sons　than　one；　the　censors　of　the　tribes　shall　animadvert　upon　and　punish　him　that　sends　not　his　sons　within　the　ninth　year　of　their　age　to　some　one　of　the　schools　of　a　tribe；　there　to　be　kept　and　taught；　if　he　be　able；　at　his　own　charges；　and　if　he　be　not　able；　gratis；　till　they　arrive　at　the　age　of　fifteen　years。　And　a　parent　may　expect　of　his　sons　at　the　fifteenth　year　of　their　age；　according　to　his　choice　or　ability；　whether　it　be　to　service　in　the　way　of　apprentices　to　some　trade　or　otherwise；　or　to　further　study；　as　by　sending　them　to　the　inns　of　court；　of　chancery；　or　to　one　of　the　universities　of　this　nation。　But　he　that　takes　not　upon　him　one　of　the　professions　proper　to　some　of　those　places；　shall　not　continue　long