按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
reopened。 Several things struck me。 To begin with； the chief rabbi appeared at the
ceremony； hand in hand with the top Muslim cleric of Istanbul and the local mayor；
while crowds in the street threw red carnations on them both。 Second； the prime
minister of Turkey； Recep Tayyip Erdogan； who comes from an Islamic party； paid a
visit to the chief rabbi in his office…the first time a Turkish prime
minister had ever called on the chief rabbi。 Lastly； the father of one of the suicide
bombers told the Turkish newspaper Xaman； 〃We cannot understand why this child had
done the thing he had done 。 。 。 First let us meet with the chief rabbi of our Jewish
brothers。 Let me hug him。 Let me kiss his hands and flowing robe。 Let me apologize
in the name of my son and offer my condolences for the deaths。 。 。 We will be damned
if we do not reconcile with them。〃
Different context； different narrative； different imagination。
I am keenly aware of the imperfections of Indian democracy； starting with the
oppressive caste system。 Nevertheless； tohave sustained afunctioning democracy with
all its flaws for more than fifty years in a country of over 1 billion people； who
speak scores of different languages； is something of a miracle and a great source
of stability for the world。 Two of India's presidents have been Muslims； and its
current president； A。P。J。 Abdul Kalam； is both a Muslim and the father of the Indian
nuclear missile program。 While a Muslim woman sits on India's Supreme Court； no Muslim
woman is allowed even to drive a car in Saudi Arabia。 Indian Muslims； including women；
have been governors of many Indian states； and the wealthiest man in India today；
high on the Forbes list of global billionaires； is an Indian Muslim： Azim Premji；
the chairman of Wipro； one of India's most important technology companies。 I was in
India shortly after the United States invaded Afghanistan in late 2001； when Indian
television carried a debate between the country's leading female movie star and
parliamentarian…Shabana Azmi； a Muslim woman …and the imam of New Delhi's biggest
mosque。 The imam had called on Indian Muslims to go to Afghanistan and join the jihad
against America； and Azmi ripped into him； live on Indian TV； basically telling the
cleric to go take a hike。 She told him to go to Kandahar and join the Taliban and
leave the rest of India's Muslims alone。 How did she get away with that？ Easy。 As
a Muslim woman she lived in a context that empowered and protected her to speak her
mind …even to a leading cleric。
Different context； different narrative； different imagination。
This is not all that complicated： Give young people a context where they can translate
a positive imagination into reality； give them a context in which someone with a
grievance can have it adjudicated in a court of
459
law without having to bribe the judge with a goat； give them a context in which they
can pursue an entrepreneurial idea and become the richest or the most creative or
most respected people in their own country； no matter what their background； give
them a context in which any complaint or idea can be published in the newspaper； give
them a context in which anyone can run for office…and guess what？ They usually don't
want to blow up the world。 They usually want to be part of it。
A South Asian Muslim friend of mine once told me this story： His Indian Muslim family
split in 1948； with half going to Pakistan and half staying in Mumbai。 When he got
older； he asked his father one day why the Indian half of the family seemed to be
doing better than the Pakistani half。 His father said to him； 〃Son； when a Muslim
grows up in India and he sees a man living in a big mansion high on a hill； he says；
'Father； one day； I will be that man。' And when a Muslim grows up in Pakistan and
sees a man living in a big mansion high on a hill； he says； 'Father； one day I will
kill that man。'〃 When you have a pathway to be the Man or the Woman； you tend to focus
on the path and on achieving your dreams。 When you have no pathway； you tend to focus
on your wrath and on nursing your memories。
India only twenty years ago； before the triple convergence； was known as a country
of snake charmers； poor people； and Mother Teresa。 Today its image has been
recalibrated。 Now it is also seen as a country of brainy people and computer wizards。
Atul Vashistha； CEO of the outsourcing consulting firm NeoIT； often appears in the
American media to defend outsourcing。 He told me this story： 〃One day I had a problem
with my HP printer…the printing was very slow。 I was trying to figure out the problem。
So I call HP tech support。 This guy answers and takes all my personal information
down。 From his voice it is clear he is somewhere in India。 So I start asking where
he is and how the weather is。 We're having a nice chat。 So after he is helping me
for about ten or fifteen minutes he says； 'Sir； do you mind if I say something to
you？' I said； 'Sure。' I figured he was going to tell me something else I was doing
wrong with my computer and was trying to be polite about it。 And instead he says；
'Sir； I was very proud to hear you on Voice of America。 You did a good job 。 。 。'
I had just been on a VOA show about the backlash against
460
globalization and outsourcing。 I was one of three invited guests。 There was a union
official； an economist； and myself。 I defended outsourcing and this guy heard it。〃
Remember： In the flat world you don't get just your humiliation dished out to you
fiber…optically。 You also get your pride dished out to you fiber…optically。 An Indian
help…line operator suddenly knows； in real time； all about how one of his compatriots
is representing India half a world away； and it makes him feel better about himself。
The French Revolution； the American Revolution； the Indian democracy； and even eBay
are all based on social contracts whose dominant feature is that authority comes from
the bottom up； and people can and do feel self…empowered to improve their lot。 People
living in such contexts tend to spend their time focusing on what to do next； not
on whom to blame next。
The Curse of Oil
Nothing has contributed more to retarding the emergence of a democratic context in
places like Venezuela； Nigeria； Saudi Arabia； and Iran than the curse of oil。 As long
as the monarchs and dictators who run these oil states can get rich by drilling their
natural resources…as opposed to drilling the natural talents and energy of their
people…they can stay in office forever。 They can use oil money to monopolize all the
instruments of power…army； police； and intelligence…and never have to introduce real
transparency or power sharing。 All they have to do is capture and hold the oil tap。
They never have to tax their people； so the relationship between ruler and ruled is
highly distorted。 Without taxation； there is no representation。 The rulers don't
really have to pay attention to the people or explain how they are spending their
money…because they have not raised that money through taxes。 That is why countries
focused on tapping their oil wells always have weak or nonexistent institutions。
Countries focused on tapping their people have to focus on developing real
institutions； property rights； rule of law； independent courts； modern
education； foreign trade； foreign investment； freedom of thought； and scientific
enquiry to get the most out of their men and women。 In an essay in Foreign Affairs
called 〃Saving Iraq from Its Oil〃 （July…August 2004）； development economists Nancy
Birdsall and Arvind Subramanian point out that 〃34 less…developed countries now boast
significant oil and natural gas resources that constitute at least 30 percent of their
total export revenue。 Despite their riches； however； 12 of these countries' annual
per capita income remains below 1；500 。 。 。 Moreover； two…thirds of the 34 countries
are not democratic； and of those that are； only three score in the top half of Freedom
House's world rankings of political freedom。〃
In other words； imagination is also a product of necessity…when the context you are
living in simply does not allow you to indulgein certain escapist or radical fantasies；
you don't。 Look where the most creative innovation is happening in the Arab…Muslim
world today。 It is in the places with little or no oil。 As I noted earlier； Bahrain
was one of the first Arab Gulf states to discover oil and was the first Arab Gulf
state to run out of oil。 And today it is the first Arab Gulf state to develop
comprehensive labor reform for developing the skills of its own workers； the first
to sign a free…trade agreement with the United States； and the first to hold a free
and fair election； in which women could both run and vote。 And which countries in
that same region are paralyzed or actually rolling back reforms？ Saudi Arabia and
Iran； which are awash in oil money。 On December 9； 2004； at a time when crude oil
prices had soared to near 50 a barrel； The Economist did a special report from Iran；
in which it noted； 〃Without oil at its present sky…high price； Iran's economy would