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s。 These thingssalt； shells or metalsare still used as money in outoftheway parts of the world today。
［B］ They will buy nothing； and a traveler might starve if he had none of the particular local money to exchange for food。
［C］ Cakes of salt； stamped to show their value； were used as money in Tibet until recent times； and cakes of salt will still buy goods in Borneo and parts of Africa。
［D］ The earliest evolution of these paper notes and coins made of copper had developed rapidly in the western Mediterranean。
［E］ In Africa； cowries were traded right across the continent from East to West Four or five thousand went for one Maria Theresa dollar； an Austrian silver coin which was once accepted as currency in many parts of Africa。
［F］ The earliest of these are between three thousand and four thousand years oldolder than the earliest coins of the eastern Mediterranean。
答案与解析
41【答案】B
【解析】文章中指出当今世界的局部地方，硬币和纸币毫无用处了，选项B举例如果旅游者没有当地特殊的“货币”换取食物，就有可能饿死，为上文的很好例证，故选择B。
42【答案】A
【解析】原文指出“there is a direct exchange of goods”即直接用货物交换，选项A“for this kind simple trading”承接上文，指出交易不用货币，进一步解释，故A为正确答案。
43【答案】C
【解析】标题指出食盐作为货币使用，唯有选项C提到食盐在一部分地区的重要作用，为正确答案。
44【答案】E
【解析】这个题目很容易选出正确答案，选项E中“cowries”与文章中“cowrie sea shells”相照应，为正确答案。
45【答案】F
【解析】本题选项D有很强的迷惑性，它仔细分析了金属货币的悠久历史而没有谈到纸币，故选F更符合文意，为正确答案。
Exercise 2
Part B
Directions：
You are going to read a text about stupidity for dummies； followed by a list of examples。 Choose the best example from the list AF for each numbered subheading （4145）。 There is one extra example which you do not need to use。 Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1。 （10 points）
Sternberg；an expert in intelligence testing；contends that；contrary to public belief；stupidness is not the opposite of smartness。He points out that many of the singularly idiotic acts that e to public attention are the work of people who are；in fact；highly intelligent。He argues instead that stupidity is more properly viewed as the opposite of wisdom—which he sees as the ability to apply knowledge to achieve a mon good。His“imbalance theory of foolishness”suggests that there are aspects of life as a smart person that actually foster stupidity。Which is to say；it sometimes takes a really smart person to do something truly stupid。 Sternberg recently took the time to answer some of our stupid questions。
41What attracted you to the study of stupidity？
The roots of the book were in my wondering about whats up with people who have very high intelligence in the traditional sense；but seem to be out to lunch in another sense。
42The difference between stupidity；foolishness；dumbness and；say；plain boneheadedness
The book is really about foolishness；which is the opposite of wisdom。There are many smart people who are unwise。
43Do you see stupidity as an objective behavior or；as one of your contributors does；a subjective judgment that reflects more on the observer？
Stupidity is not in the behavior；nor in the eyes of the observer。It is in the interaction between the person and the situation。Different kinds of situations elicit different behavior from people。
44“The best way to avoid stupidity is not to be afraid of looking stupid”
People often fail to learn because they do not want to look stupid。As a result；they make or repeat mistakes they could have avoided。
45Of course；some would suggest that certain stupid behaviors are categorizable as something else。Some would say philandering or shoplifting；for example；are products of something other than stupidity。
I think it is a bination of the fallacies I mentioned：Egocentrism；omniscience；omnipotence and invulnerability。Many smart people are philanderers。
Everyone has weaknesses。The issue in terms of the book is what they do about these weaknesses—whether they find ways to make up for them or whether they allow them to destroy their lives。
［A］ The foolish part is in the belief that one need only consider ones own feelings about the matter and not the feelings of others；especially the partner （egocentrism）；that it is not okay for others but that one knows all about these things so it is all right for oneself （omniscience）；that one can basically do whatever one wants because of who one is （omnipotence）；and that；unlike others suckers；one never will get caught （invulnerability）。
［B］ How did Richard Nixon ever get involved in Watergate and the subsequent coverup？What was Bill Clinton thinking when he kept repeating the same mistakes in his personal life？More recently；how did the intelligent people who ran Enron think they would get away with a shell game？ There are lots of examples。And the truth is；some of them are in my own life；too。None of us is immune。
［C］ For example；Clinton was very smart in most domains of his life；but in some kinds of interpersonal situations with women；he appears not to have been。The Enron bloodsuckers may have been perfectly fine in their home lives；but given the chance to rip off a corporation；they went for it。Problem is；we may see how sensibly we behave；on average；so that we are not alert for the kinds of situations where we act foolishly。
［D］ Unfortunately；no。It usually takes others to point it out to us。Or；looking back；we often marvel at how we could have been oblivious to our stupidity。But the problem is that smart people often use their intelligence to find ways to immunize themselves or isolate themselves from feedback。For example；they may hire toadies who just tell them what they want to hear。
［E］ Also；sometimes when they make mistakes；people try to cover them up so as not to appear to have been stupid and then look even stupider when the coverup es to light。That；of course； is what happened to Nixon and Clinton；and to many；many others；such as currency traders who have tried to cover up losses or highlevel executives at software panies who have tried to cover up improprieties。
［F］ The book is not about stupidity in the classical sense；which is usually thought of as a very low IQ。 So I would distinguish the “mental retardation”kind of stupidity from the kind of foolishness this book discusses。The problem is that smart people often do not realize how susceptible they are to being foolish；as any number of world leaders have gone out of their way to show。
答案与解析
41【答案】B
【解析】该段指出一些人智力很高，但从另一种意义上看却似乎在发疯，这到底是什么原因。选项B列举了尼克松、克林顿、安然公司的那些智力很高的但不明智的人来说明研究愚蠢的原因，为正确答案。
42【答案】F
【解析】选项F指出本书不是讨论传说意义上的愚钝，很好地解释本书所讨论纸的愚钝的含义及愚钝、愚蠢、愚笨和傻之间的区别，为正确答案。
43【答案】C
【解析】文章指出愚钝在于人与客观形势之间的相互作用，选项C应用上文例子着重强调不同形势下克林顿、安然的盘剥者们的聪明与愚钝行为的对比，故答案选C。
44【答案】E
【解析】小标题指出避免干蠢事的最好方法是不要害怕显得愚蠢。选项D指出一些聪明者利用自己的智慧或听取他人意见来避免显得愚蠢 ，看似正确，有很强的干扰性。选项E指出一些人犯错误后为了显得没干过蠢事而千方百计加以掩盖，并再次提到尼克松、克林顿等因掩盖错误而显得更愚蠢，很好地解释了上文。所以E更符合题意。
45【答案】A
【解析】选项A对应文中“Egolentnim omniscience；omnipotene invulnerability”并分别加以解释。为正确答案。
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