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新概念英语第4册-第20章

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    barbarian
n。  野蛮人
    pagan
n。  异教徒
    sophistication
n。  老练
    premise
n。  前提
    supernatural
adj。 超自然的
    

参考译文
    风俗一般未被认为是什么重要的课题。我们觉得,只有我们大脑内部的活动情况才值得研究,至于风俗呢,只是些司空见惯的行为而已。事实小,情况正好相反。从世界范围来看,传统风俗是由许多细节性的习惯行为组成,它比任何一个养成的行为都更加引人注目,不管个人行为多么异常。这只是问题的一个次要的侧面。最重要的是,风俗在实践中和信仰上所起的举足轻重的作用,以及它所表现出来的极其丰富多采的形式。
    没有一个人是用纯洁而无偏见的眼光看待世界。人们所看到的是一个受特定风俗习惯、制度和思想方式剪辑过的世界。甚至在哲学领域的探索中,人们也无法超越这此定型的框框。人们关于真与伪的概念依然和特定的传统风俗有关。约翰。杜威曾经非常严肃地指出:风俗在形成个人行为方面所起的作用和一个对风俗的任何影响相比,就好像他本国语言的总词汇量和自己咿呀学语时他家庭所接纳的他的词汇量之比。当一个人认真地研究自发形成的社会秩序时,杜威的比喻就是他实事求是观察得来的形象化的说法。个人的生活史首先是适应他的社团世代相传形成的生活方式和准则。从他呱呱坠地的时刻起,他所生于其中的风俗就开始塑造他的经历和行为规范。到会说话时,他就是传统文化塑造的一个小孩子;等他长大了,能做各种事了,他的社团的习惯就是他的习惯,他的社团的信仰就是他的信仰,他的社团不能做的事就是他不能做的事。每一个和他诞生在同一个社团中的孩子和他一样具有相同的风俗;而在地球的另一边。诞生在另一个社团的孩子与他就是少有相同的风俗。没有任何一个社会问题比得上风俗的作用问题更要求我们对它理解。直到我们理解了风俗的规律性和多样性,我们才能明白人为生活中主要的复杂现象。
    只有在某些基本的主张被接受下来、同时有些主张被激烈反对时,对风俗的研究才是全面的,才会有收获。首先,任何科学研究都要求人们对可供考虑的诸多因素不能厚此薄彼,偏向某一方面。在一切争议较小的领域里,如对仙人掌、白议或星云性质的研究,应采取的研究方法是。把有关各方面的材料汇集起来,同时注意任何可能出现的异常情况和条件。例如,用这种方法,我们完全掌握了天文学的规律和昆虫群居的习性。只是在对人类自身的研究。只要我们同原始人,我们同野蛮人,我们同异教徒之间存有的区别在人的思想中占主工导地位,那么人类学按其定义来说就无法存在。我们首先需要达到这样一种成熟的程度:不用自己的信仰去反对我们邻居的迷信。必须认识到,这些建立在相同前提基础上的风俗,暂且可以说是超自然的东西,必须放在一起加以考虑,我们自己的风俗和其他民族的风俗都在其中。
            Lesson 45
       Of men and galaxies 
            人和星系

First listen and then answer the following question。
听录音,然后回答以下问题。

What is the most influential factor in any human society?

    In man's early days。 petition with other creatures must have been critical。 But this phase of our development is now finished。 Indeed; we lack practice and experience nowadays in dealing with primitive conditions。 I am sure that; without modern weapons; I would make a very poor show of disputing the ownership of a cave with a bear; and in this I do not think that I stand alone。 The last creature to pete with man was the mosquito。 But even the mosquito has been subdued by attention to drainage and by chemical sprays。
    petition between our selves; person against person; munity against munity; still persists; however; and it is as fierce as it ever was。
    But the petition of man against man is not the simple process envisioned in biology。 It is not a simple petition for a fixed amount of food determined by the physical environment; because the environment that determines our evolution is no longer essentially physical。 Our environment is chiefly conditoned by the things we believe。 Morocco and California are bits of the Earth in very similar latitudes; both on the west coasts of continents with similar climates; and probably with rather similar natural resources。 Yet their present development is wholly different; not so much because of different people wish to emphasize。 The most important factor in our environment is the state of our own minds。
    It is well known that where the white man has invaded a primitive culture; the most destructive effects have e not from physical weapons but from ideas。 Ideas are dangerous。 The Holy Office knew this full well when it caused heretics to be burned in days gone by。 Indeed; the concept of free speech only exists in our modern society because when you are inside a munity; you are conditioned by the conventions of the munity to such a degree that it is very difficult to conceive of anything really destructive。 It is only someone looking on from outside that can inject the dangerous thoughts。 I do not doubt that it would be possible to inject ideas into the modern world that would utterly destroy us。 I would like to give you an example; but fortunately I cannot do so。 Perhaps it will suffice to mention the unclear bomb。 Of making the effect on a reasonably advanced technological society; one that still does not possess the bomb; of making it aware of the possibility; of supplying sufficient details to enable the thing to be constructed。 Twenty or thirty pages of information handed to any of the major world powers around the year 1925 would have been sufficient to change the course of world history。 It is a strange thought; but I believe a correct one; that twenty or thirty pages of ideas and information would be capable of turning the present…day world upside down; or even destroying it。 I have often tried to conceive of what those pages might contain; but of course outside the particular patterns that our brains are conditioned to; or; to be more accurate; we can think only a very little way outside; and then only if we are very original。
                  FRED HOYLE Of Men and Galaxies 

New words and expressions 生词和短语
    dispute
v。  争夺
    mosquito
n。  蚊子
    subdue
v。  征服
    drainage
n。  下水系统
    envision
n。  预想
    Morocco
n。  摩洛哥
    latitude
n。  纬度
    heretic
n。  异教徒,异端邪说
    conceive
v。  想像
    suffice
v。  足够
    nuclear
adj。 原子弹的
    original
adj。有独到见解的 

参考译文
    在人类早期,人类与其他生物的竞争一定是必不可少的。但这个发展阶段已经结束。确实,我们今天缺乏对付原始环境的实践和经验。我断定,如果没有现代化的武器,要我和一只熊去争洞穴,我会出洋相的;我也相信,出洋相者并非我一人。能与竞争的生物最后只有蚊子,然而即使蚊子,也由于我们注意清理污水和喷洒化学药品就被制服了。
    然而人类之间的战争,人与人,团体与团体,依然在进行着,而且和以前一样激烈。
    但是,人与人的竞争并不像生物生物学中想像的那样是一个简单过程。它已不是为争得物质环境所决定的东西所决定。摩洛哥和加利福尼亚是地球上纬度极其相似的两个地方,都在各自大陆的西海岸,气候相似,自然资源也可能相似。但是,这两个地方目前的发展程度完全不一样。这倒不是因为人民不同,而是由于居民头脑中的思想不同。 这是我要强调的论点。我们环境中最重要的因素就是我们的思想状况。
    众所周知,凡是白人侵入原始文化的地方,破坏作用最大的不是杀人的武器,而是思想。思想是危险的。宗教法庭对此是非常清楚的,因此从前它总是把异教徒烧死。的确,言论自由的概念只存在于我们现代社会中,因为当你生活在一个社团中时,社团的风俗习惯会严格地制约你,使你很难有破坏性的想法。只有外部的旁观者才能灌输危险的思想。向现代世界灌输一种思想以便摧毁我们人类是可能的事,对此我并不怀疑。我愿为你举个例子,但幸亏我举不出。也许提一下核弹就足以证明了。对一个沿未拥有核弹、但科技相当发达的社会,如果告诉它制造核弹的可能性,而且向它提供制造核弹的细节,那么可以设想,这将对这个社会产生何等的影响。如果把二三十页的情报交给1952年前后的任何一个世界强国,就足以改变世界历史的进程。二三十页材料中的思想和情报会便当今的世界翻天覆地,甚至毁灭这个世界。这是个离奇的想法。不过我认为这个想法是正确的。我常常试图想像这些纸上所写的东西,不过我是做不到的,因为我和你们大家一样,是当今世界上的凡人。我闪不能脱离我们大脑所限定的模式去问题,我们只能稍微离开一点儿,就这也需要我们独创的思想。
               Lesson 46
                Hobbies
                业余爱好
                 
First listen and then answer the following question。
听录音,然后回答以下问题。

Who; according to the author; are 'Fortune's favoured children'?

    a gifted American psychologist has said; 'Worry is a spasm of the emotion; the mind catches hold of something and will not let it go。' It is useless to argue with the mind in this condition。 The stronger the will; the more futile the task。 One can only gently insinuate something else into its convulsive grasp。 And if this something else is rightly chosen; if it really attended by the illumination of another field of interest; gradually; and often quite swiftly; the old undue grip relaxes and the process of recuperation and repair begins。
    The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of the first importance to a public man。 But this is not a business that can be undertaken in a day or swiftly improvised by a mere mand of the will。 The growth of alternative mental interests is a long process。 The seeds must by carefully chosen; they must fall on good ground; they must be sedulously tended; if the vivifying fruits are to be at hand when needed。
    To be really happy and really safe; one ought to have at least two or three hobbies; and they must all be real。 It is no use starting late in life to say: 'I will take an interest in this or that。' Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort。 A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work; and yet get hardly any benefit or relief。 It is no use doing
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